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Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes

為了解決CO2 emissions from f的問題，作者Pacheco-Torgal, F. (EDT)/ Labrincha, J. A. (EDT)/ Leonelli, C. ( 這樣論述：

This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on new developments in alkali-activation. The main binder of concrete, Portland cement, represents almost 80% of the total CO2 emissions of concrete which are about 6 to 7% of the Planet's total CO2 emissions. This is particularly serious in the

current context of climate change and it could get even worse because the demand for Portland cement is expected to increase by almost 200% by 2050 from 2010 levels, reaching 6000 million tons/year. Alkali-activated binders represent an alternative to Portland cement having higher durability and a l

ower CO2 footprint. Reviews the chemistry, mix design, manufacture and properties of alkali-activated cement-based concrete bindersConsiders performance in adverse environmental conditions.Offers equal emphasis on the science behind the technology and its use in civil engineering.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Bioactive Compounds

為了解決CO2 emissions from f的問題，作者Chemat, Farid (EDT)/ Cravotto, Giancarlo (EDT) 這樣論述：

With increasing energy prices and the drive to reduce CO2 emissions, food industries are challenged to find new technologies in order to reduce energy consumption, to meet legal requirements on emissions, product/process safety and control, and for cost reduction and increased quality as well as fun

ctionality. Extraction is one of the promising innovation themes that could contribute to sustainable growth in the chemical and food industries. For example, existing extraction technologies have considerable technological and scientific bottlenecks to overcome, such as often requiring up to 50% of

investments in a new plant and more than 70% of total process energy used in food, fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. These shortcomings have led to the consideration of the use of new "green" techniques in extraction, which typically use less solvent and energy, such as microwave extrac

tion. Extraction under extreme or non-classical conditions is currently a dynamically developing area in applied research and industry. Using microwaves, extraction and distillation can now be completed in minutes instead of hours with high reproducibility, reducing the consumption of solvent, simpl

ifying manipulation and work-up, giving higher purity of the final product, eliminating post-treatment of waste water and consuming only a fraction of the energy normally needed for a conventional extraction method. Several classes of compounds such as essential oils, aromas, anti-oxidants, pigments

, colours, fats and oils, carbohydrates, and other bioactive compounds have been extracted efficiently from a variety of matrices (mainly animal tissues, food, and plant materials). The advantages of using microwave energy, which is a non-contact heat source, includes more effective heating, faster

energy transfer, reduced thermal gradients, selective heating, reduced equipment size, faster response to process heating control, faster start-up, increased production, and elimination of process steps. This book will present a complete picture of the current knowledge on microwave-assisted extract

ion (MAE) of bioactive compounds from food and natural products. It will provide the necessary theoretical background and details about extraction by microwaves, including information on the technique, the mechanism, protocols, industrial applications, safety precautions, and environmental impacts.

Farid Chemat, ProfessorHis main research interests are focused on innovative and sustainable extraction techniques (especially microwave, ultrasound and green solvents) for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. He is coordinator of a new group named ＂France Eco-Extraction＂ dealing with i

nternational dissemination of research and education on green extraction technologies.Université d’Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, INRA, UMR 408, F-84000 Avignon, France.Giancarlo Cravotto, ProfessorHis research activity has been cantered on pharmacologically active natural products (isolation, str

uctural elucidation, total synthesis and chemical modification). These studies have paved the road to new synthetic procedures and extraction techniques, particularly in the fields of ultrasound- and microwave-assisted protocols and flow-chemistry.Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Un

iversity of Turin, I-10125 Turin, Italy.

海洋酸化對點帶石斑仔稚魚鈣離子運輸以及骨骼鈣化作用的影響

為了解決CO2 emissions from f的問題，作者黃辰宏 這樣論述：

根據政府間氣候變化專門委員會（IPCC）的預測，在本世紀末，二氧化碳濃度將提升至500~900 µatm，海水的酸鹼值則下降至7.9~7.7。海洋酸化會造成海水中碳酸鈣（CaCO3）飽和濃度升高，不利碳酸鈣在海水當中產生固態沉澱，並影響貝類以及珊瑚外骨骼的形成。此外，水體酸化可能會影響硬骨魚類的離子調節與發育生長，但並不清楚水體酸化是如何影響海洋硬骨魚類鈣離子的調節恆定性。本實驗比較飼養於正常的海水（pH 8.1）及不同酸化程度的海水（pH 7.8 與 pH 7.4）中40日齡點帶石斑仔稚魚，鈣離子運輸蛋白以及骨骼鈣質代謝相關基因在發育過程中的表現量變化。整體而言，實驗發現在酸化的環境之下仔

稚魚的成長與骨骼鈣離子累積並不會受到影響。然而，根據仔稚魚的離子調節、骨骼形成與鈣離子累積等數據的主成分分析卻顯示，水體酸化會影響整體的離子調節能力發展，以及可能輕微地影響對骨骼鈣離子沉積與再吸收。但是，若是以單一因子或以線性回歸進行分析與比較，則難以界定酸化對任何一組離子調控相關基因，例如細胞基底膜的鈣離子幫浦（pmca）、上皮鈣離子通道（ecac）以及運輸能量來源的鈉鉀離子幫浦基因的直接影響。此外，與骨骼鈣質沉積相關的成骨細胞（bglap）及破骨細胞（ctsk and trap）在海水酸化得情況下也並無獨立的顯著差異。實驗雖然表明在高二氧化碳的水體中，pH下降可能造成仔稚魚離子調節、骨骼形

成與鈣離子累積等因子的相互作用，而導致整體的生理差異。本研究亦顯示，點帶石斑魚仔稚魚的生長對高度酸化條件並不敏感，但此研究不能排除未來海洋酸化對沿海海水中的水產養殖業和野生種群影響的可能性。以目前而言，在海洋酸化的情況之下，硬骨魚的離子調節與鈣離子平衡的調節機制尚不明朗，須待更多研究證明。