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元智大學 機械工程學系 謝建興所指導 安艾尼的 AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPED WITH INTEGRATION OF SUPERVISED AND UNSUPERVISED LEARNING FOR DETECTION OF DEFECTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD （2021），提出ngk關鍵因素是什麼，來自於深度學習、印刷電路板、異常檢測、無監督 學習、學生-教師特徵金字塔匹配、卷積神經網絡、YOLO-v5。

而第二篇論文臺北醫學大學 奈米醫學工程研究所碩士班 THIERRY BURNOUF、DAVID BLUM所指導 AYUNA ZAHRA FAATIHAH的 Intranasal Administration of Fluorophore-labelled Platelet Secretome and Isolated Platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicle to The Brain （2021），提出因為有 brain aging、brain rejuvenation、extracellular vesicle、human platelet lysate、biolabeling的重點而找出了 ngk的解答。

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AN AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPED WITH INTEGRATION OF SUPERVISED AND UNSUPERVISED LEARNING FOR DETECTION OF DEFECTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

為了解決ngk的問題，作者安艾尼 這樣論述：

背景：PCB 在日常電子產品中幾乎無處不在，不僅用於商業用途，也可用於國防和太空探索等敏感應用。在生產過程中，應對這些 PCB 進行檢查和質量驗證，以發現任何問題。大多數電子公司都專注於其商品的質量。一個電子設備（如 PCB）的製造或質量檢查過程中的微小誤差可能導致災難性的結果。已經使用了許多不同的方法和方法過去在質量檢查過程中發現PCB中的缺陷。結果，製造業務正在經歷一場巨大的變革，對象檢測方法如 YOLO-v5 成為包括電子行業在內的眾多行業的遊戲規則改變者。方法：我們設計了一個 2 級自主 PCB 缺陷檢測系統。最初，我們提供了一種新的無監督學習方法來檢測印刷電路中的缺陷使用學生-教師

特徵金字塔匹配作為預訓練圖像的板分類模型來學習沒有異常的圖像的分佈。這種無人監督學習方法以 3000 張好的圖像開始。第二階段，我們使用了YOLO-V5，這是最先進的算法，我們使用了 23,000 個有缺陷的 PCB 圖像。據我們所知，監督學習需要更多的數據，並且很難收集數據和檢測使用較少數據的缺陷。首先，知識被提取到一個學生網絡中與教師網絡相同的架構。這一一步轉移保留了盡可能多的關鍵線索盡可能。系統還添加了多尺度特徵匹配技術。一種混合來自特徵金字塔的多層次知識通過更好的監督流動，稱為分層特徵對齊，允許它被學生網絡接收，允許用於識別不同大小的異常。評分函數表示發生的異常。結果：正如我們開始使用

無監督學習方法一樣，我們已經部署了無監督方法的兩種模型。在第一個模型中，我們使用了 SGD學習率為 0.04 的優化器，對於無監督學習中的第二個模型，我們有使用學習率為 0.001 的 Adam 優化器。我們已經達到了平均準確度學習率為 0.04 的 SGD 優化器和 Adam 優化器分別為 94.63% 和 97.43%學習率為 0.001。在第一階段之後，我們進入第二階段，一個有監督的已經測試了 3 個模型的方法：小型、中型和大型。小的平均精度，中、大分別為 97.52%、99.16% 和 99.74%。結論：我們對無監督的 STPM 幾乎達到了 97.43% 的準確率學習和監督學習的 9

9.52%。將兩種算法結合在一起將它們作為兩階段自主 PCB 缺陷系統實施 我們開發了一個完全實施已部署在質量檢測環境中的自主系統。仍然，必須實施和執行持續集成和持續部署，這將引導我們進入一個連續形式的完全自治系統。未來，我們希望開發一種可以在行業中實施的連續形式的完全自主的方法在不遠的將來。

Intranasal Administration of Fluorophore-labelled Platelet Secretome and Isolated Platelet-derived Extracellular Vesicle to The Brain

為了解決ngk的問題，作者AYUNA ZAHRA FAATIHAH 這樣論述：

Background: Aging is a phenomenon associated with a gradual reduction in the effectiveness of mechanisms involved in the maintenance of homeostasis, which leads to an increased risk of various pathologies and death. Aging and cognitive decline take place in a part of the brain located deep within t

he medial temporal lobe, named hippocampus. Recently, it was found that trophic factors that are important for neuro-regenerative and cognitive functions are stored in blood platelets. However, the value of biomaterials containing blood-derived trophic factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) to tre

at brain aging is still unclear. In this research, two main samples derived from clinical-grade platelet concentrates were isolated, namely Human Platelet Pellet Lysate (HPPL) and nanosized platelet-derived EVs (p-EV). Currently, HPPL and p-EV, administered intranasally, are investigated as potentia

l brain rejuvenating agent. Understanding their biodistribution in the brain is important to establish the therapeutic dose, capacity to time estimation of the drug to reach targeted brain region, including the hippocampus site.Aim: Understand where the HPPL and p-EVs migrate into the brain upon int

ranasal administration, and in particular whether they can reach the hippocampus as the main site of loss of memory and cognition occurring during aging.Material and Methods: The direct labeling of both platelet materials was done using ATTO 488 NHS Ester fluorophore prior to intranasal procedure. T

he labelling procedure was validated by BCA (Bicinchoninic Acid Assay) assay, fluorescence detection, SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamid Gel Electrophoresis), NTA (Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). Furthermore, the Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) using

5 mL Sephadex G-25 chromatography was performed to separate the labeled samples from the free dye to prevent any artefacts during brain imaging. The intranasal procedure was done by administration of 60 µL of labeled HPPL and p-EV, as well as the dye-only (control) into 3 mice which were sacrificed

2 hours after the intranasal procedure, perfused, before brain observation using ImageXpress Pico Automated Imaging System.Results: In this research, both platelet-derived materials can be adjusted to pH 8.3-8.5 to optimize the binding affinity with Atto 488 NHS Ester. The SEC procedure generated fr

actions 6, 7, and 8 to have the highest protein and fluorescence content from BCA assay and florescence detection methods. The validation procedures followed by the SDS-PAGE results that revealed HPPL and p-EV to possess the same protein profiling with the original or unlabeled condition. Furthermor

e, the NTA and DLS analysis consecutively unveil the comparison of native and labeled p-EV’s condition to be in the same particle number and particle size distribution profile which highlighting no changes after labeling procedures. Therefore, these labeled HPPL and p-EV fractions were selected and

pooled from intranasal administration to the mice. The brain imaging results of intranasally administered labeled HPPL and p-EV have shown detectable fluorescence of both materials in the hippocampus after 2 hours of intranasal administration procedures, compared to the control that has no indicati

on of fluorescence.Conclusion: The current procedures have validated that 60 µL of HPPL and p-EV can be administered through intranasal pathway to diffuse into the brain (most specifically the hippocampus) after 2 hours. This biolabeling procedure is important to better understand the potential tran

slational success of HPPL and p-EV and to help define therapeutic dose, biodistribution timing, and potential side effects.Keywords: brain aging, brain rejuvenation, extracellular vesicle, human platelet lysate, biolabeling.

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