銀行換新鈔平日香港的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們找到下列包括價格和評價等資訊懶人包

百年來台灣毒品刑事政策變遷之研究

為了解決銀行換新鈔平日香港的問題，作者柯雨瑞 這樣論述：

台灣從1730年開始，清朝政府正式將販運鴉片加以犯罪化，開始以刑罰打擊毒品犯罪。從1730年迄2006年，共經歷276年，我國毒品刑事政策歷經不同之統治政府及年代，產生不同之變化(流變)。在民國87年(1998年)5月以後，我國將肅清煙毒條例修正為毒品危害防制條例，對於毒品犯確認其具有雙重身分，一為犯罪人，另一為病犯，毒品刑事政策改為除刑不除罪，開啟我國反毒之另外一個新紀元。本論文之目的如下所述：(一)探討及分析百年來台灣毒品刑事政策之實質內涵。(二)探討及分析百年來台灣毒品刑事政策內涵之相關影響因素。(三)探討及分析百年來台灣毒品刑事政策之實際執行結果。本論文所使用之研究方法，係為歷史研究

法，研究資料主要取自於第一手之史料，兼輔以第一手史料以外之次級歷史文獻，上開史料來自於總統府國史館台灣文獻館(其前身為台灣省文獻委員會)、國家圖書館及其台灣分館、國立台灣大學總圖書館、國立台灣大學法學院圖書館及其他大學之圖書館、國立政治大學社會科學資料中心(社資中心)、中央研究院台灣史研究所、文史研究所、法務部官方資料、立法院官方資料、中央警察大學圖書館及電腦網際網路資料等等。針對上述之歷史史料，加以整理、鑑定及分析史料，並致力於提升歷史研究法之信度與效度。本研究提出假設，並且認為：。(一)不同時期的國內外政治軍事因素會影響台灣毒品刑事政策內涵。(二)不同時期的國內外經濟因素會影響台灣毒品刑事

政策內涵。(三)不同時期的國內外社會、文化因素會影響台灣毒品刑事政策內涵。(四)不同時期的國內外司法制度因素會影響台灣毒品刑事政策內涵。(五)台灣開港及醫療因素會影響不同時期的台灣毒品刑事政策內涵。(六)不同台灣毒品刑事政策內涵會影響毒品刑事政策之實際成效。 有關於本研究之主要發現，在理論架構模型圖之檢定方面，各個自變項(外因變項)均對不同時期之毒品刑事政策(第1內因變項)產生因果上之作用力。亦即，國內外政治軍事、經濟、社會、文化、司法制度、開港及醫療等因素，對於台灣不同歷史時期毒品刑事政策之內涵而論，產生因果關係上之實質影響力。在台灣毒品刑事政策內涵部份，本研究計分為4個時期：清朝治

台時期(1839年至1895年)、日據時代(1895年至1945年)、(戡亂時期)肅清煙毒條例時期(1945年至1998年)及毒品危害防制條例時期 (1998年至2006年)。在清朝治台時期，可再分為2個重要之階段，於1839年至1862年之間，清朝採純正犯罪觀之鴉片刑事政策。1862年至1895年之間，因台灣於1862年正式開港，鴉片成為合法化之商品，販運、持有及施用鴉片成為合法化之活動。在日據時期，亦可再分為2個重要之階段，於1895年至1930年之間，台灣總督府原則上採取純正犯罪觀之鴉片刑事政策，例外採取特許吸食鴉片之政策。1930年至1945年之間，台灣總督府之鴉片刑事政策，採取結合犯

罪觀及醫療疾病觀的綜合性觀點。在(戡亂時期)肅清煙毒條例時期，毒品刑事政策是以犯罪觀為主，輔以醫療化之觀點(醫療戒治之角色係為配角)。在毒品危害防制條例時期，毒品刑事政策是同時兼具犯罪觀及醫療化之觀點。從本論文之文獻資料，可發現百年來台灣毒品之刑事政策，是具有高度的變動性，並非一成不變。此種之變動，包括：1、影響毒品刑事政策之政治、經濟及其他因素具有變化性；2、毒品種類之變化，從清朝治台及日據台灣時期之單一鴉片流變至當今約270餘種毒品(其中，包括第1至第4級毒品)；3、毒品刑事政策具有流變性；4、刑罰手段具有流動性；5、毒品戒治處遇具有變動性，1830年至2005年之間，以毒品戒治處遇為主，

2005年以後，毒品戒治處遇流變至毒品減害計畫及「緩起訴毒品病患減害替代療法」計畫；6、不同毒品犯罪種類採取不同刑罰措施具有變化性。有關台灣於不同時期之毒品刑事政策，所產生之實際結果(成效)部分，本研究配合台灣於不同時期所推展毒品刑事政策之內涵，計分為4個時期：清朝治台時期(1839年至1895年)、日據時代(1895年至1945年)、(戡亂時期)肅清煙毒條例時期(1945年至1998年)及毒品危害防制條例時期 (1998年至2006年)，並檢定上開4個時期之實際結果。在清朝治台時期，於1862年台灣同意及開放外商進口鴉片，因鴉片貿易合法化，造成台灣施用毒品盛行率偏高。日據台灣時期，施用毒品盛

行率大約控制於5%到6%以下，尚屬在執法機關能控制的範圍之內。政府遷台後迄今對於此一問題的努力與貢獻，業已使台灣毒品盛行率控制在3%以下，故從1949年至2006年，政府及民間過去之努力與付出，是相當值得積極肯定及讚賞。根據前揭之研究發現，本研究建議如下：(一)宜同時運用刑罰與醫療手段抗制施用毒品之犯罪行為 本論文重大發現之一，是除罪化之毒品刑事政策(第2次鴉片戰爭之後以迄1895年，亦即，1862年--1895年)，台灣於晚清此一時期之施用毒品盛行率相當地高，對於台灣毒品管制之歷史上經驗而論，是屬於管制效果最值得改善及最有精進空間之毒品刑事政策，並非屬於良善型之毒品刑事政策。在當前之階

段，本論文並不建議政府相關部門及民間採取除罪化之毒品刑事政策。我國對於毒品之製造、運輸、銷售、分配、持有及施用等行為，仍宜繼續以刑事制裁手段加以強力壓制與掃蕩。施用毒品之行為，仍宜持續地加以犯罪化而非除罪化。此外，亦有必要引進醫療戒治之專業資源，以期改善毒癮者毒品戒治處遇之成效。(二)強化新興毒品管控及建立毒品先驅化學品之管制專法 台灣似可效仿及運用美國「類似管制物質執行條例」之「實質相似性」(substantially similar)所使用之不確定法律概念與法理，以有效與快速地打擊新興毒品之濫用。除外，對於先驅化學品之管制，宜制定更加完整之法制，俾利進行有效之管制。在毒品先驅化學品之管

理部分，如能建立專法以強化先驅化學品之管制，則當屬是更佳之強力管制作為。本論文建議政府相關部門對於毒品先驅化學品之管制，宜建構一部專屬之特別法。(三)政府公權力針對行為人之毒品成癮性部分，宜提早加以行政介入及處置，強制行為人接受毒品成癮性之戒治。 我國涉及反毒之政府公權力，似可以向前伸展及延伸至毒品成癮性部分。當發現行為人有毒品成癮性，但未發現實際之施用毒品證據之時，針對此一毒品成癮性，似可修正毒品危害防制條例，以利該條例能授權政府行政部門及早介入，以強制手段，促使毒品成癮者入院接受毒品成癮性之戒治。(四)對於毒品戒治工作似可結合及引進情緒(感性)智慧修復式正義之精神與作法 從情緒(感性

)智慧修復式正義觀點出發，毒品犯罪人是屬於情緒性之一群人，國家應儘可能地要求執法官員控制自我的情緒，以智慧為基石，採取理性之立場，面對這些毒品犯罪人，並研發符合情緒(感性)智慧修復式正義精神之司法制度。目前台南縣市正積極推展之「緩起訴毒品病患減害替代療法」計畫，該計畫即包含有修復式正義之核心精神與作法，其成功經驗似可考量全面地推展至全國加以實施之。 English Abstract After the 1730 year, Taiwan had formally criminalized transportation and sale activities for opium. Taiwa

n drug criminal policy had faced different and substantial change during past 276 years from 1730 to 2006 year. After the May of 1998 year, Taiwan had revised the Purging Drug Act to the Drug Control Act (or called the Narcotics Endangerment Prevention Act). Drug criminal policy for our nation faced

a new and significant revolution and change. According to the 1998 Drug Control Act , the drug offenders have two roles. The new two roles include drug offender and drug addiction sick man. Drug criminal policy has changed to eliminate the drug punishment , but still maintain drug offence. The goa

ls of this doctor dissertation include :1. discuss and analyze the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policy (or called the first endogenous variable) from the 1839 year to 2006 year.2. probe and analyze related independents (factors, or called exogenous variables) which can produce

causal effect to the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policy from the 1839 year to 2006 year.3. explore and analyze the substantial outcomes of Taiwan drug criminal policy (or called the second endogenous variable) from the 1839 year to 2006 year. This doctor dissertation has utilize

d the historical research method in order to complete its goals. The data for analysis mainly comes from primary sources. When the primary sources can not be accessible, this research also use secondary sources or analysis. The author has made much and tremendous endeavor in order to effectively pr

omote the reliability and validity of this doctor dissertation. The historical sources come from following place and locations:1. Taiwan Historica (located in the Nantou County).2. the National Library (located in the Taipei City).3. National Taiwan University Library.4. National Chengchi University

Library.5. Academia Sinica Library.6. the Justice Ministry.7. Legislative Yuan Library.8. Central Police University Library.9. internet. Because historical research method which this doctor dissertation has applied belongs the scientific approach and is suitable for hypothesis examination, this r

esearch has proposed six hypothesis :1. the Taiwan and abroad military and political variables (factors) have causal influences to the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies from the 1839 year to 2006 year.2. the Taiwan and abroad economic variable (factor) has causal influence

to the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies from the 1839 year to 2006 year.3. the Taiwan and abroad social and cultural variables (factors) have causal influences to the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies from the 1839 year to 2006 year.4. the Taiwan and ab

road judicial system variable (factor) has causal influence to the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies from the 1839 year to 2006 year.5. the initiating seaports function and medical variables (factors) have causal influences to the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal p

olicies from the 1839 year to 2006 year.6. the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies variable (factor, or called the first endogenous variable) have causal influence to the outcome of drug criminal policies (or called the second endogenous variable) from the 1839 year to 2006 year

.From the examination hypothesis dimension, the main discovery of this doctor dissertation is that all exogenous variables which include military, political, economic, social, cultural, judicial system, initiating seaports function , and medical factors have causal effect on the substantial contents

of Taiwan drug criminal policies from the 1839 year to 2006 year. The different substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies variable (factor, or called the first endogenous variable) also have causal influence to the outcomes of drug criminal policies (or called the second endogenous vari

able) from the 1839 year to 2006 year. The six main hypothesis of this dissertation get powerful and scientific support by using historical research method. For the substantial contents of Taiwan drug criminal policies from the 1839 year to 2006 year part, this dissertation divides the preceding

drug criminal policies into four phases :1. the Cing Dynasty governing Formosa phase from the 1839 year to 1895 year.2. the Japanese authorities governing Formosa phase from the 1895 year to 1945 year.3. the Purging Drug Act ( during the Period for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion) ph

ase from the 1945 year to 1998 year.4. the Drug Control Act (or called the Narcotics Endangerment Prevention Act) phase from the 1998 year to 2006 year.During the Cing Dynasty governing Formosa phase from the 1839 year to 1895 year, this phase can be divided into two minor phases. During the firs

t minor phase from the 1839 year to 1862 year, the Cing Dynasty had adopted strict opium criminal policy for Formosa Island. The second minor phase is from the 1862 year to 1895 year. Owing to opium legalization policy for commerce, transportation, possession, and using, the Cing Dynasty had utilize

d legalized opium policy for Formosa Island. During the Japan authorities governing Formosa phase from the 1895 year to 1945 year, this phase also can be divided into two minor phases. During the first minor phase from the 1895 year to 1930 year, the Japan authorities governing Formosa had adopted

criminal policy for opium in principle, but also took special permission mechanism for using opium under specific circumstances. The second minor phase is from the 1930 year to 1945 year. The Japanese authorities governing Formosa had adopted another criminal policy for opium which combined the pen

al and medical aspects. This criminal policy for opium was a synthetic strategy.During the Purging Drug Act ( during the Period for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion) phase from the 1945 year to 1998 year, Taiwan had adopted much strict drug criminal policy in principle, and also took medical

treatment policy for drug addicts as auxiliary drug strategy.During the Drug Control Act (or called the Narcotics Endangerment Prevention Act) phase from the 1998 year to 2006 year, Taiwan drug criminal policy combines both penal and medical aspects. According to the primary and secondary sources,

this doctor dissertation concludes that Taiwan drug criminal policies have both high changeable and unstable character. This flux on the Taiwan drug criminal policies can be interpreted for several dimensions. The flux contexts of drug criminal policies include related factors, drug types, criminal

policies itself, penal approaches, and drug treatments, etc. For the practical and substantial outcomes of drug criminal policies (or called the second endogenous variable) from the 1839 year to 2006 year part, this doctor dissertation concludes that the Cing Dynasty governing Formosa phase had h

ighest using opium prevalence rate from the 1862 year to 1895 year. Why produced this phenomenon? Owing to the opium commerce had legalized by the Cing Dynasty under the military and political pressure of foreign industried countries, using opium prevalence rate was highest from the 1862 year to 18

95 year.The main suggestions of this doctor dissertation include that :1. combine both penal and medical approaches to fight the using drug offence.2. drug (including marijuana) legalization policy is not suitable for Taiwan now.3. enhance the control and surveillance power on the new type

(club) drug and precursors.4. let the government power to interfere in the drug treatment earlier, and compel drug addicts to accept the compulsory drug treatment in institutions when they have been discoveried drug addiction.5. combine and introduce emotional intelligence restorative justice

spirit and mechanism into the drug treatment.Keyword:Formosa, drug criminal policy, opium, drug criminalization, drug legalization, the Drug Control Act (or called the Narcotics Endangerment Prevention Act), the Purging Drug Act, the Purging Drug Act during the Period for Suppression of the Communis

t Rebellion, historical method, drug harm reduction, alternative care, deferred prosecution