2013 Z4的問題,我們搜遍了碩博士論文和台灣出版的書籍,推薦成大先(主編)寫的 機械設計手冊.單行本:減(變)速器·電機與電器(第六版) 可以從中找到所需的評價。
另外網站Gas Mileage of 2013 BMW Z4 - Fuel Economy也說明:2013 BMW Z4. EPA MPG, Owner MPG Estimates. 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i 4 cyl, 2.0 L, Automatic 8-spd. Premium Gasoline. Not Available. How can I share my MPG?
國立中正大學 戰略暨國際事務研究所 林泰和所指導 劉超文的 川普政府印太戰略的起源與政策之探討-2017至2021年 (2021),提出2013 Z4關鍵因素是什麼,來自於川普、習近平、印太戰略、軍事戰略、地緣戰略、外交戰略、四方安全對話。
而第二篇論文中原大學 化學工程研究所 費安東、張 雍所指導 張安娜的 以蒸氣誘導相分離程序製備耐溫型雙離子薄膜於抗生物污染的研究 (2021),提出因為有 熱穩定抗生物污染、PVDF膜、雙離子共聚物的重點而找出了 2013 Z4的解答。
最後網站2013 BMW Z4 Research, Photos, Specs and Expertise - CarMax則補充:Research the 2013 BMW Z4 exploring our customers' reviews and ratings, key features, fuel economy, towing capacity, similar cars, ...
機械設計手冊.單行本:減(變)速器·電機與電器(第六版)
為了解決2013 Z4 的問題,作者成大先(主編) 這樣論述:
第六版單行本共16分冊,涵蓋了機械常規設計的所有內容。各分冊分別為《常用設計資料》 《機械制圖·精度設計》 《常用機械工程材料》 《機構·結構設計》 《連接與緊固》 《軸及其連接》 《軸承》 《起重運輸件·五金件》 《潤滑與密封》 《彈簧》 《機械傳動》 《減(變)速器·電機與電器》 《機械振動·機架設計》 《液壓傳動》 《液壓控制》 《氣壓傳動》。本書為《減(變)速器·電機與電器》,包括減速器、變速器,常用電機、電器、電動(液)推桿及升降機。減速器、變速器列出了設計一般資料和設計舉例,詳細介紹了標准減速器及產品(圓柱齒輪減速器、點線嚙合齒輪減速器、圓錐齒輪減速器、蝸桿減速器、蝸輪減速器、行星
齒輪減速器、擺線針輪減速器、諧波傳動減速器、三環減速器、釜用立式減速器、斜齒輪硬齒面減速機)、機械無級變速器(錐盤環盤無級變速器、行星錐盤無級變速器、環錐行星無級變速器、帶式無級變速器、齒鏈式無級變速器、三相/四相並列連桿脈動無級變速器、多盤式無級變速器)產品的結構形式、特點、外形和安裝尺寸、性能參數、選用等;常用電機、電器及電動(液)推桿主要介紹常用電機(一般異步電機、變速和減速異步電機、起重及冶金三相異步電動機、防爆異步電動機、小功率電動機、異步振動電動機、小型盤式制動電動機、直流電機、控制電動機、電動機滑軌),常用電器(電磁鐵、行程開關、接近開關、光電開關、傳感器、管狀電加熱元件),電動
推桿、電液推桿及升降機產品的類型、特點、選型等。本書可作為機械設計人員和有關工程技術人員的工具書,也可供高等院校有關專業師生參考使用。 第17篇 減速器、變速器第1章 減速器設計一般資料及設計舉例1 減速器設計一般資料 1.1 常用減速器的分類、形式及其應用范圍 1.2 圓柱齒輪減速器標准中心距(摘自JB/T9050.4—2006) 1.3 減速器傳動比的分配及計算 1.4 減速器的結構尺寸 1.4.1 減速器的基本結構 1.4.2 齒輪減速器、蝸桿減速器箱體尺寸 1.4.3 減速器附件 1.5 減速器軸承的選擇 1.6 減速器主要零件的配
合 1.7 齒輪與蝸桿傳動的效率和散熱計算 1.7.1 齒輪與蝸桿傳動的效率計算 1.7.2 齒輪與蝸桿傳動的散熱計算 1.8 齒輪與蝸桿傳動的潤滑 1.8.1 齒輪與蝸桿傳動的潤滑方法 1.8.2 齒輪與蝸桿傳動的潤滑油選擇(摘自JB/T8831—2001) 1.9 減速器技術要求 1.10 減速器典型結構示例 1.10.1 圓柱齒輪減速器 1.10.2 圓錐齒輪減速器 1.10.3 圓錐.圓柱齒輪減速器 1.10.4 蝸桿減速器 1.10.5 齒輪.蝸桿減速器2 減速器設計舉例 2.1 通用橋式起重機減速器設計 2.1.
1 基本步驟 2.1.2 技術條件 2.1.3 確定工作級別 2.1.4 確定減速器速比 2.1.5 確定電機功率 2.1.6 確定減速器功率 2.1.7 安裝及裝配形式 2.1.8 確定傳動參數 2.1.9 齒輪承載能力計算 2.1.10 齒輪修形計算 2.1.11 軸系設計 2.1.12 軸承選用 2.2 風力發電用增速齒輪箱設計 2.2.1 概述 2.2.2 特點及技術趨勢 2.2.3 750kW風電齒輪箱設計舉例第2章 標准減速器及產品1 ZDY、ZLY、ZSY型硬齒面圓柱齒輪減速器(摘自JB/T8
853—2001) 1.1 適用范圍和代號 1.2 外形、安裝尺寸及裝配形式 1.3 承載能力 1.4 減速器的選用2 QDX點線嚙合齒輪減速器(摘自JB/T11619—2013) 2.1 適用范圍、代號和安裝形式 2.2 外形、安裝尺寸 2.3 承載能力 2.4 減速器的選用3 DB、DC型圓錐、圓柱齒輪減速器(摘自JB/T9002—1999) 3.1 適用范圍和代號 3.2 外形、安裝尺寸和裝配形式 3.3 承載能力 3.4 實際傳動比 3.5 減速器的選用4 CW型圓弧圓柱蝸桿減速器(摘自JB/T7935—1999) 4.1 適用范圍和標記 4.2 外形、安
裝尺寸 4.3 承載能力和效率 4.4 潤滑油牌號(黏度等級) 4.5 減速器的選用5 TP型平面包絡環面蝸輪減速器(摘自JB/T9051—2010) 5.1 適用范圍和標記 5.2 外形、安裝尺寸 5.3 承載能力 5.4 減速器的總效率 5.5 減速器的選用6 HWT、HWB型直廓環面蝸桿減速器(摘自JB/T7936—2010) 6.1 適用范圍和標記 6.2 外形、安裝尺寸 6.3 承載能力及總傳動效率 6.4 減速器的選用7 行星齒輪減速器 7.1 NGW型行星齒輪減速器(摘自JB/T6502—1993) 7.1.1 適用范圍、標記及相關技術參數
7.1.2 外形、安裝尺寸 7.1.3 承載能力 7.1.4 減速器的選用 7.2 NGW.S型行星齒輪減速器 7.2.1 適用范圍和標記 7.2.2 外形、安裝尺寸 7.2.3 承載能力 7.2.4 減速器的選用 7.3 垂直出軸星輪減速器(摘自JB/T7344—2010) 7.3.1 適用范圍及標記 7.3.2 外形、安裝尺寸 7.3.3 承載能力 7.3.4 減速器的選用8 擺線針輪減速器 8.1 概述 8.2 擺線針輪減速器 8.2.1 標記方法及使用條件 8.2.2 外形、安裝尺寸 8.2.3 承載
能力 8.2.4 減速器的選用9 諧波傳動減速器 9.1 工作原理與特點 9.2 XB、XBZ型諧波傳動減速器(摘自GB/T14118—1993) 9.2.1 外形、安裝尺寸 9.2.2 承載能力 9.2.3 使用條件及主要技術指標 9.2.4 減速器的選用10 三環減速器 10.1 工作原理、特點及適用范圍 10.2 結構形式與特征 10.3 裝配形式 10.4 外形、安裝尺寸(摘自YB/T079—2005) 10.5 承載能力 10.6 減速器的選用11 釜用立式減速器(浙江長城減速機有限公司) 11.1 X系列釜用立式擺線針輪減速器(摘自H
G/T3139.2—2001) 11.1.1 外形、安裝尺寸 11.1.2 承載能力 11.2 LC型立式兩級硬齒面圓柱齒輪減速器(摘自HG/T3139.3—2001) 11.2.1 外形、安裝尺寸 11.2.2 承載能力 11.3 FJ型硬齒面圓柱、圓錐齒輪減速器(摘自HG/T3139.5—2001) 11.3.1 外形、安裝尺寸 11.3.2 承載能力 11.4 LPJ、LPB、LPP型平行軸硬齒面圓柱齒輪減速器(摘自HG/T3139.4—2001) 11.4.1 外形、安裝尺寸 11.4.2 承載能力 11.5 FP型中功率窄V帶及
高強力V帶傳動減速器(摘自HG/T3139.10—2001) 11.5.1 外形、安裝尺寸 11.5.2 承載能力 11.6 YP型帶傳動減速器(摘自HG/T3139.11—2001) 11.6.1 外形、安裝尺寸 11.6.2 承載能力 11.7 釜用減速器附件 11.7.1 XD型單支點機架 11.7.2 XS型雙支點機架 11.7.3 FZ型雙支點方底板機架 11.7.4 JQ型夾殼聯軸器 11.7.5 GT、DF型剛性凸緣聯軸器 11.7.6 SF型三分式聯軸器 11.7.7 TK型彈性塊式聯軸器12 同軸式圓柱齒輪
減速器(摘自JB/T7000—2010) 12.1 適用范圍 12.2 代號與標記示例 12.3 減速器的外形及安裝尺寸 12.4 實際傳動比及承載能力 12.5 減速器的選用13 TH、TB型硬齒面齒輪減速器 13.1 適用范圍及代號示例 13.2 裝配布置型式 13.3 外形、安裝尺寸 13.4 承載能力 13.5 減速器的選用14 TR系列斜齒輪硬齒面減速機 14.1 標記示例 14.2 TR系列減速機裝配形式 14.3 TR系列減速機外形、安裝尺寸 14.4 TR系列減速機承載能力第3章 機械無級變速器及產品1 機械無級變速器的基本知識、類型和選用 1.
1 傳動原理 1.2 特點和應用 1.3 機械特性 1.4 類型、特性和應用示例 1.5 選用的一般方法 1.5.1 類型選擇 1.5.2 容量選擇2 錐盤環盤無級變速器 2.1 概述 2.2 SPT系列減變速機的型號、技術參數及基本尺寸 2.3 ZH系列減變速機的型號、技術參數及基本尺寸3 行星錐盤無級變速器 3.1 概述 3.2 行星錐盤無級變速器4 環錐行星無級變速器 4.1 概述 4.2 環錐行星無級變速器 4.2.1 適用范圍及標記示例 4.2.2 技術參數、外形及安裝尺寸 4.2.3 選型方法5 帶式無級變速器 5.1 概述
5.2 V形寬帶無級變速器6 齒鏈式無級變速器 6.1 概述 6.1.1 特點及用途 6.1.2 變速原理 6.1.3 調速范圍 6.2 P型齒鏈式無級變速器 6.2.1 適用范圍及標記示例 6.2.2 技術參數、外形及安裝尺寸7 三相並列連桿式脈動無級變速器 7.1 概述 7.2 三相並列連桿式脈動無級變速器 7.2.1 適用范圍及標記示例 7.2.2 外形、安裝尺寸 7.2.3 性能參數8 四相並列連桿式脈動無級變速器9 多盤式無級變速器 9.1 概述 9.2 特點、工作特性和選用 9.3 型號標記、技術參數和外形、安裝尺寸參考
文獻第18篇 常用電機、電器及電動(液)推桿與升降機第1章 常用電機1 電動機的特性、工作狀態及其發熱與溫升2 電動機的選擇 2.1 選擇電動機應綜合考慮的問題 2.2 電動機選擇順序 2.3 電動機類型選擇 2.4 電動機電壓和轉速的選擇 2.5 異步電動機的調速運行 2.6 電動機功率計算 2.7 電動機功率計算與選用舉例3 異步電動機常見故障4 常用電動機規格 4.1 旋轉電機整體結構的防護等級(IP代碼)分級(摘自GB/T4942.1—2006) 4.2 旋轉電動機結構及安裝型式(IM代碼)(摘自GB/T997—2008) 4.3 常用電動機的特點及用途 4.
4 一般異步電動機 4.4.1 Y2系列(IP54)(摘自JB/T8680—2008)、Y3系列(IP55)(摘自GB/T25290—2010)三相異步電動機 4.4.2 Y系列(IP44)三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T10391—2008) 4.4.3 Y系列(IP23)三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T5271—2010) 4.4.4 YR系列(IP44)三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T7119—2010) 4.4.5 YR3系列(IP23)三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T5269—2007) 4.4.6 Y、YR系列中型三相異步電動機(660V) 4.4.7 Y
X3系列(IP55)高效率三相異步電動機(摘自GB/T22722—2008) 4.4.8 YH系列(IP44)高轉差率三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T6449—2010) 4.4.9 YEJ系列(IP44)電磁制動三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T6456—2010) 4.5 變速和減速異步電動機 4.5.1 YD系列(IP44)變極多速三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T7127—2010) 4.5.2 YCT(摘自JB/T7123—2010)、YCTD(摘自JB/T6450—2010)系列電磁調速三相異步電動機 4.5.3 YCJ系列齒輪減速三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T644
7—2010) 4.5.4 YVP(IP44)系列變頻調速三相異步電動機 4.5.5 冶金及起重用變頻調速三相異步電動機 4.6 YZ(摘自JB/T10104—2011)、YZR(摘自JB/T10105—1999)YZR3(摘自GB/T21973—2008)系列起重及冶金用三相異步電動機 4.6.1 YZ、YZR系列起重及冶金用三相異步電動機技術數據 4.6.2 YZ、YZR系列起重及冶金用電動機的安裝尺寸與外形尺寸 4.7 防爆異步電動機 4.7.1 YB3、YB2系列隔爆型三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T7565.1—2011、JB/T7565.2—2002、
JB/T7565.3—2004、JB/T7565.4—2004) 4.7.2 YA系列增安型三相異步電動機(摘自JB/T9595—1999、JB/T8972—2011) 4.8 小功率電動機 4.9 YZU系列三相異步振動電動機(摘自JB/T5330—2007) 4.10 小型盤式制動電動機 4.10.1 YPE三相異步盤式制動電動機 4.10.2 YHHPY起重用盤式制動電動機 4.11 直流電機 4.11.1 Z4系列直流電動機(摘自JB/T6316—2006) 4.11.2 測速發電機 4.12 控制電動機 4.12.1 MINASA4系列交
流伺服電動機 4.12.2 AKM系列永磁無刷直流伺服電動機 4.12.3 BYG系列混合式步進電機 4.13 電動機滑軌第2章 常用電器1 電磁鐵 1.1 MQD1 系列牽引電磁鐵 1.2 直流牽引電磁鐵2 行程開關 2.1 LXP1 (3SE3)系列行程開關 2.2 LX19 系列行程開關 2.3 LXZ1 系列精密組合行程開關 2.4 LXW6 系列微動開關 2.5 WL型雙回路行程開關3 接近開關 3.1 LXJ6系列接近開關 3.2 LXJ7系列接近開關 3.3 LXJ8(3SG)系列接近開關 3.4 E2 系列接近開關 3.5 超聲波接近開關
4 光電開關5 傳感器 5.1 傳感器命名法及代碼(摘自GB/T7666—2005) 5.1.1 傳感器命名方法 5.1.2 傳感器代號標記方法 5.2 傳感器圖用圖形符號(摘自GB/T14479—1993) 5.2.1 傳感器圖形符號的組合 5.2.2 傳感器圖形符號表示規則 5.3 傳感器產品 5.3.1 常用拉壓力傳感產品 5.3.2 常用扭矩傳感器 5.3.3 位移和位置傳感器 5.3.4 線速度傳感器 5.3.5 角速度(轉速)傳感器 5.3.6 距離傳感器 5.3.7 物位傳感器6 管狀電加熱元件(摘自JB/T
2379—1993) 6.1 管狀電加熱元件的型號與用途 6.2 管狀電加熱元件的結構及使用說明 6.3 管狀電加熱元件的常用設計、計算公式和參考數據 6.4 JGQ型管狀電加熱元件 6.5 JGY型管狀電加熱元件 6.6 JGS型管狀電加熱元件 6.7 JGX1,2,3型及JGJ1,2,3型管狀電加熱元件 6.8 JGM型管狀電加熱元件第3章 電動、液壓推桿與升降機1 電動推桿 1.1 一般電動推桿 1.2 伺服電動推桿 1.3 應用示例2 電液推桿 2.1 電動液壓缸 2.1.1 UE系列電動液壓缸與系列液壓泵技術參數 2.1.2 UEC系列直列式電動
液壓缸選型方法 2.1.3 UEG系列並列式電動液壓缸選型方法 2.2 電液推桿及電液轉角器 2.2.1 DYT(B)電液推桿 2.2.2 ZDY電液轉角器 2.2.3 有關說明3 升降機 3.1 SWL蝸輪螺桿升降機(摘自JB/T8809—2010) 3.1.1 型式及尺寸 3.1.2 性能參數 3.1.3 驅動功率的計算 3.1.4 蝸桿軸伸的許用徑向力 3.1.5 螺桿長度與極限載荷的關系 3.1.6 螺桿許用側向力Fs和軸向力Fa與行程的關系 3.1.7 工作持續率與環境溫度的關系 3.2 其他升降機參考文獻
2013 Z4進入發燒排行的影片
Họ tên đầy đủ: Nguyễn Văn Dũng
Nghề nghiệp:
1. Giám đốc Nhật ngữ Nihongonomori Hà Nội
2. Youtuber dạy tiếng Nhật
Bằng cấp:
1. Tốt nghiệp khoa Giáo dục, đại học Nihon (Tokyo, Nhật Bản)
2. Trình độ tiếng Nhật: N1
Sinh nhật: 4/6/1985
Quê quán: Việt Trì, Phú Thọ
Tình trạng: Đã kết hôn
Tiểu sử:
4/2009: Bắt đầu học trường Học viên giao lưu quốc tế Tokyo
2/2011: Tốt nghiệp trường Học viên giao lưu quốc tế Tokyo
4/2011: Vào trường đại học Nihon, khoa Giáo dục
12/2012: Nhận học bổng của hội Phật giáo Tokyo
4/2013: Nhận học bổng Mitsubishi (trong 2 năm)
11/2013: Bắt đầu làm clip dạy học trên Youtube cùng với Nihongonomori tại Nhật
2/2015: Tốt nghiệp đại học Nihon, khoa Giáo dục
3/2015 đến nay: Về Việt Nam thành lập Nhật ngữ Nihongonomori tại Hà Nội
Sản phẩm thuộc quyền sở hữu:
1. Nhật ngữ Nihongonomori (đồng sáng lập)
2. Website chinh thức: http://dungmori.com/
3. Kênh Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/moridung
4. Fanpage Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/dungmori/
5. Facebook cá nhân: https://www.facebook.com/moridung
Tâm niệm về phát triển sự nghiệp giáo dục tiếng Nhật của người Việt Nam:
Khi đã trải qua một chặng đường dài gắn bó với tiếng Nhật, tôi bắt đầu có suy nghĩ làm thế nào để tất cả những người Việt Nam đang học tiếng Nhật dù ở bất kì đâu cũng có thể học nó một cách dễ dàng.
Và vì thế, tôi lựa chọn con đường dạy tiếng Nhật chủ yếu trên mạng qua các kênh Youtube, Facebook hay Website Dungmori để mỗi bài giảng của tôi đến được với những người học dù đang ở xa tôi nhất. Gửi gắm qua mỗi bài giảng đó là cả tấm lòng chân thành của một người thầy luôn khao khát làm thế nào để học trò của mình thấy được việc học tiếng Nhật chẳng những không hề khó mà còn vô cùng thú vị.
Ngay từ phút giây biết đến Dungmori, hãy cùng tôi tìm ra con đường chinh phục tiếng Nhật ngắn nhất và thú vị nhất nhé.
川普政府印太戰略的起源與政策之探討-2017至2021年
為了解決2013 Z4 的問題,作者劉超文 這樣論述:
川普總統自2017年就職第45任美國總統以後,美中之間即產生巨大變化,兩國的交往從歷任美國總統的時而合作、時而競爭,演變至川普總統執政時,對峙與衝突取代了合作與競爭。尤其以印太區域整體情勢,在川普總統強勢作風影響下,印太地區亦正因中國的崛起現象,彷彿是危險光譜上正散發恆光的一點,讓世界各國不得不重視與正視此一充滿危機與衝突的光譜跡象。本研究旨在探討川普政府印太戰略的起源與政策探討,特別是針對中國崛起造成美國與世界各國無論在軍事、地緣與外交戰略帶來的衝擊與挑戰。本研究主要含括三個部分之探討:第一是探討「印太戰略」的起源,對照歐巴馬政府的「亞太再平衡」戰略,試圖說明兩者間異同並闡述其他國家的「印
太戰略」,以追溯其起源;第二是中國的崛起對美國帶來的威脅,尤其當習近平2012年掌權後,挾其改革開放後整體國力大幅發展成果,帶動在印太區域軍事、地緣及外交戰略的擴張,對美國與其盟邦所造成衝擊與挑戰;最後則是循上述脈胳與基礎,進一步探討川普政府如何以「印太戰略」之軍事、地緣與外交政策應對中國的崛起,探討美中兩國關係是否陷入「修昔底德陷阱」並足以因應威脅。研究發現,面對中國崛起所造成的挑戰,川普總統因敗選而中止連任,「印太戰略」政策亦無法繼續落實。其各項政策與作為亦隨政權轉移而有所調整,惟觀察接任的拜登總統以「自由與開放」的印太用語,取代原有「安全與繁榮」來推測,拜登政府的美中關係政策仍延續川普政
府路線。對中國或印太區域安全影響仍待後續觀察。
以蒸氣誘導相分離程序製備耐溫型雙離子薄膜於抗生物污染的研究
為了解決2013 Z4 的問題,作者張安娜 這樣論述:
Table of Contents摘要..................................................................................................................IAbstract..........................................................................................................IIAcknowledgments..................................
..................................................... IVTable of Contents ..........................................................................................VList of Figures........................................................................................... VIIIList of Table ..........
....................................................................................... XIChapter 1 - Introduction ...............................................................................11.1 Background of the study......................................................................11.2 Mot
ivation of the study ........................................................................31.3 Objectives of the study.........................................................................4Chapter 2 – Review of Related Literatures.................................................72.1 PVDF Membr
ane..................................................................................72.2 Membrane fabrication phase inversion .............................................82.2.1 Non Solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS)..........................82.2.2 Thermal Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) .....
...........................92.2.3 Evaporation Induced Phase Separation (EIPS)..........................92.2.4 Vapor Induced Phase Separation (VIPS) ..................................102.3 Fouling.................................................................................................102.3.1
Inorganic fouling..........................................................................112.3.2 Organic fouling.............................................................................122.3.3 Particle/Colloidal fouling ............................................................132.3.4 Biolog
ical fouling..........................................................................132.4 Modification technique to enhance antifouling properties ............162.4.1 Coating ..........................................................................................182.4.2 Grafting.................
........................................................................192.4.3 In Situ Modification.....................................................................202.5 Membrane modification by using hydrophilic materials...............212.5.1 HEMA-based Systems................................
.................................222.5.2 PEGylated Systems......................................................................232.5.3 Zwitterionic Systems....................................................................232.6 Summary ..............................................................
...............................28Chapter 3 – Materials and Methods ..........................................................293.1 Materials..............................................................................................293.2 Methods.....................................................
..........................................303.2.1 Synthesis of random copolymers................................................303.2.2 Characterization of random copolymers...................................333.2.3 Preparation of casting solutions and membranes.....................343.2.3 Viscosity
test .................................................................................353.2.4 Light transmittance test ..............................................................353.2.5 Physical, chemical and hydrophilic properties of membranes 363.2.6 Biofouling tests...........................
..................................................393.2.7 Sterilization...................................................................................423.2.8 Filtration test................................................................................43Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion ......
.....................................................454.1 Molecular structure of random copolymers....................................454.2 Phycochemical properties of membranes ........................................484.3 Hydrophilic properties of membranes .......................................
......594.4 Effect of zwitterionic copolymer on the VIPS membranes’resistance to biofouling ............................................................................624.5 Effect of zwitterionic copolymer on the VIPS membranes’resistance to biofouling during cyclic water/BSA filtration ...........
......724.6 Effect of zwitterionic copolymer on the VIPS membranes’resistance to biofouling at high temperature .........................................75Chapter 5 – Conclusions..............................................................................79References................................
.....................................................................81List of FiguresFigure 1. Schematic of the main objectives of this work: (1) incorporating azwitterionic copolymer into membranes prepared by the VIPS process; (2)forming bi-continuous structures characterized by a variety ofphysi
cochemical methods and (3) studying anti-biofouling properties atdifferent temperatures. .....................................................................................6Figure 2. Schematic illustration of colloidal, organic, inorganic, andbiofouling [32]. ......................................
........................................................11Figure 3. Biofilm Formation [34]. ...............................................................16Figure 4. Development of antifouling [16]...................................................22Figure 5. The chemical structure of SBMA and CBMA
[51].......................26Figure 6. Synthesis of random copolymers. .................................................32Figure 7. Characterization of random copolymers by free radicalpolymerization. (a) 1H NMR of P(S-r-4VP) and zwitterionized P(S-r-4VP);(b) N1s core-level spectra of P(S-r-4VP) an
d zP(S-r-4VP); (c) FT-IR spectraof P(S-r-4VP) and zP(S-r-4VP). Characterization of random copolymers byfree radical polymerization. ...........................................................................47Figure 8. Physical characterization of the membranes. Top row: Photographsof the hand-caste
d membranes, middle row: SEM images of the membranes’surface, bottom row: SEM images of the membranes’ cross-sections.. ........50Figure 9. Effect of the copolymer on the kinetic of phase separation. .........51Figure 10. Characterization of (a) membranes’ porosity and (b) membranes’pore size. .....
...................................................................................................53Figure 11. Analysis of the effect of solid content on the physical properties ofthe membranes. ..............................................................................................54Figure 1
2. Evaluation of the viscosities of the different casting solutionsprepared..........................................................................................................55Figure 13. C1s and N1s core-level spectra of Z0 (virgin) and Z4 (containing4wt% copolymer) membrane..................
.......................................................56Figure 14. Mapping FT-IR of membrane surfaces obtained at 1620-1640 cm1. Maps are color-coded (dark blue: no functional group - deep red: functionalgroup at high density). .......................................................................
............58Figure 15. Hydrophilic properties of virgin and zwitterionic membranes. ..60Figure 16. Evaluation of the zeta potential of Z0 – Z4 membranes in DI waterand PBS solution............................................................................................62Figure 17. Resistance of
the membranes to Escherichia coli attachment.Incubation lasted 24h and was performed at 37°C........................................65Figure 18. Resistance of the membranes to the attachment of cells from wholeblood. Incubation lasted 4h and was performed at 37°C...............................69Fig
ure 19. Resistance of the membranes against platelets. Incubation ofmembranes in PRP lasted 4h and was conducted at 37ºC. ............................70Figure 20. Micrographs of the cells to assess cytocompatibility tests..........71Figure 21. Effect of the zwitterionic copolymer on the resistance o
fmembranes to biofouling by BSA protein during filtration...........................74Figure 22. Effect of temperature on the antifouling properties of zwitterionicmembranes. (a) Tests performed at 60°C (b) Tests performed after steamsterilization.....................................................
................................................78List of TableTable 1. Table 1. Membrane Modification Techniques [2]. .........................17
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7.0/ 10. 2013BMW Z4sDrive20i Roadster. Price (MRLP) $79,900. 於 www.drive.com.au -
#38.2013 BMW Z4 MSPORT 3.5is Price - Chicago
Used 2013 BMW Z4 MSPORT 3.5is Stock # 34008 in Chicago, IL at Bentley Gold Coast Chicago, IL's premier pre-owned luxury car dealership. 於 www.bentleygoldcoast.com -
#39.BMW Z4 (2013) new engine and facelift - CAR Magazine
A new engine for the 2013 BMW Z4? Yes indeed: a new 2.0-litre turbocharged four-cylinder, clumsily badged as Z4sDrive18i. It's actually a ... 於 www.carmagazine.co.uk -
#40.BMW Z4 sDrive35is 2013 review - Auto Express
We drive the facelifted BMW Z4 in its most potent guise. Can it still compete with the class-best? by: Paul Bond. 22 Apr 2013. 於 www.autoexpress.co.uk -
#41.BMW Z4 小改款明年第一季現身 - Car1.hk
提起BMW 雙門開篷小跑,大家一定會第一時間就想起經典的Z4。現在BMW 全新小改款Z4 將於2013 年第一季正式推出,並於2013 年1 月19 日的底特律車展亮相 ... 於 www.car1.hk -
#42.2013 BMW Z4 Review & Ratings - Edmunds
The 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i features a 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder that produces 240 horsepower and 260 pound-feet of torque. 於 www.edmunds.com -
#43.2013 BMW Z4 used cars for sale | AutoTrader UK
What is the top speed of the BMW Z4? BMW Z4s offer a top speed range between 149mph and 155mph, depending on the version. How much does the BMW Z4 cost? BMW Z4 on-the-road prices RRP from £38,790 and rises to around £51,345, depending on the version. 於 www.autotrader.co.uk -
#44.BMW Z4 2009-2013 | 飛比價格
bmw z4 2009-2013價格推薦共7筆。飛比為你即時比價,全台電商網購價格輕鬆找,一秒為你找便宜,快速比對商品價格,讓你花最少,省最多!簡單快速上手,最適合你的比價 ... 於 feebee.com.tw -
#45.2013 BMW Z4 Review, Price and Specification | CarExpert
What is the value of a used 2013 BMW Z4? If buying from a dealer as a used car, the 2013 BMW Z4 range is priced from $26,900 for the "Z4 sDRIVE 20i" variant and finishes at $41,600 for the "Z4 sDRIVE 28i" variant. If you were to trade a used 2013 BMW Z4 in to a dealer, you can expect a second hand price of $21,800 for the "Z4 sDRIVE 20i" variant up to $35,400 for the "Z4 sDRIVE 28i" variant. These prices may vary depending on the condition and mileage of the vehicle. In which country was the 2013 BMW Z4 built? The 2013 BMW Z4 is built in Germany and is then shipped to Australia. 於 www.carexpert.com.au -
#46.2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive28i M Sport Roadster ... - NTR Cars
2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive28i M Sport Roadster, Manual, In Blue. *** 28i Twin Scroll Turbo Engine ! *** Deep Sea Blue Metallic *** Heated Black Kansas Leather ... 於 www.ntrcars.co.uk -
#47.BMW Z4 - 汽車(交通工具) - 人氣推薦- 2022年8月| 露天拍賣
現貨可自取※台北快車※BMW Z4 E89用LED方向燈+鍍鉻飾板(sDrive20i 28i 30i 35is) 月付款11000♤2013年#BMW Z4 ♤可全額貸#飛辰汽車#寶馬BMW Z4 汽車大燈表面坑洞及氧化 ... 於 www.ruten.com.tw -
#48.BMW Z4 2013 | Auto kaufen bei mobile.de
GesponsertBMW Baureihe Z4 Roadster sDrive 20i*TÜV NEU*1HAND* ... 61.500 km • 09/2013 • 135 kW (184 PS) • Benzin • ca. 6,8 l/100km (komb.) ... ca. 161 g CO₂/km (komb ... 於 suchen.mobile.de -
#49.Used BMW Z4 2013 cars for sale - Motors
Find used BMW Z4 2013 Cars for sale at Motors.co.uk. Choose from a massive selection of deals on second hand BMW Z4 2013 Cars from trusted BMW dealers! 於 www.motors.co.uk -
#50.Exclusive aesthetics:The BMW Z4 in Pure Fusion Design.
The new BMW Z4 with Design Pure Fusion (11/2013). ... Munich. Classic roadster proportions, superior engine and drivetrain technology plus ... 於 www.press.bmwgroup.com -
#51.Review: 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i - LeftLaneNews
BMW\'s zippy Z4 is a pricey but surprisingly accurate interpretation of a pure, modern sports car. 於 leftlanenews.com -
#52.2013 BMW Z4 sDrive35is 2dr Roadster Features and Specs
There's nothing better than dropping the top on a nice day and finding an entertaining road to enjoy, and the 2022 BMW Z4 is a great choice for such an ... 於 www.caranddriver.com -
#53.BMW Z4 2013 no Brasil | OLX
Oferta de carros BMW Z4 2013 em Brasil. Na OLX você encontra as melhores ofertas perto de você. 於 www.olx.com.br -
#54.BMW Z4 2013: Road Test - carsales.com.au
BMW. 2013 Z4. sDrive20i E89 Manual MY13. Buy Price Guide. $24,600 - $31,150. Estimated marked km for this vehicle is ... 於 www.carsales.com.au -
#55.BMW Z4 Roadster (E89) 2009 - 2013 - AutoEvolution
Specs, photos, engines and other data about BMW Z4 Roadster (E89) 2009 - 2013. 於 www.autoevolution.com -
#56.BMW Z4 S DRIVE 20I HI-LINE | 2013 | BLACK | 52725 km
High Quality BMW Z4 S DRIVE 20I HI-LINE | 2013 | BLACK | 52725 km ready to export at Reasonable Prices from Quality Auto Co., Ltd. 於 www.q-auto.net -
#57.2013 BMW Z4 Specs and Prices - Autoblog
2013 Z4 specs (horsepower, torque, engine size, wheelbase), MPG and pricing by trim level. 於 www.autoblog.com -
#58.Used 2013 BMW Z4 for Sale Near Me - Listings - TrueCar
Search over 16 used 2013 BMW Z4. TrueCar has over 824825 listings nationwide, updated daily. Come find a great deal on used 2013 BMW Z4 in your area today! 於 www.truecar.com -
#59.2013 BMW Z4 Buyer's Guide: Reviews, Specs, Comparisons
The Z4 is BMW's hardtop convertible, and serves as the brand's sporty two-door offering. Those searching for a curvy roadster that looks great with the top up ... 於 www.motortrend.com -
#60.誰能不,目眩神迷? 全新BMW Z4硬頂敞篷跑車魅力上市
2013 年5月17日. 誰能不,目眩神迷全新BMW Z4硬頂敞篷跑車魅力上市. 第二世代BMW Z4於2009年底特律北美車展(Detroit Auto Show)首演登場,身為BMW車系中首度搭載二片式 ... 於 www.gq.com.tw -
#61.BMW Z4 2009-2013 Price, Images, Mileage, Reviews, Specs
Key Specs of BMW Z4 2009-2013 ; Mileage (upto), 10.37 kmpl ; Engine (upto), 2979 cc ; BHP, 306.0 ; Transmission, Automatic ; Airbags, yes ... 於 www.cardekho.com -
#62.2013 BMW Z4 (E89, facelift 2013) 20i (184 Hp) sDrive
BMW Z4 (E89, facelift 2013) 20i (184 Hp) sDrive Cabriolet 2013 2014 2015 2016 | Technical Specs, Fuel consumption, Dimensions, 184 Hp, 235 km/h, 146.02 mph, ... 於 www.auto-data.net -
#63.專屬特色好辨別,Z4 Design Pure Traction套件登臺 - U-CAR新聞
Z4 sDrive20i標準售價為272萬,增列M Sport Package與Design Pure ... BMW 在2013 年初底特律車展中,正式發表了BMW Z4 小改款,國內總代理汎德汽車也 ... 於 news.u-car.com.tw -
#64.不止是開帥G-Power讓《BMW Z4 sDrive18i》升級204ps馬力 ...
圖片來源:G-Power身為寶馬《BMW》旗下招牌的Roadster雙座敞篷跑車,現行E89世代《Z4》自2008年底亮相後,於2013年針對動力系統配置進行變革, ... 於 www.kingautos.net -
#65.金帝國際- 2013年BMW Z4 28i M-Sport 打開頂蓬 - Facebook
2013 年BMW Z4 28i M-Sport 打開頂蓬,迎著風享受BMW Z4獨特駕馭樂趣。 #最有駕馭樂趣#載女友老婆去兜風 賞車服務據點 金帝民族店:台北市中山區民族東路95號銷售 ... 於 www.facebook.com -
#66.宝马Z4 2013 - 輪轂和論調尺寸,PCD,OFFSET信息
宝马Z4 2013 sDrive28i. – 年份: II (E89) [2009 .. 2013]. – 市場: USDM. – 動力: 240 hp | 179 kW | 243 PS. – 發動機: 2.0L, , 汽油. – 中心孔距:. 於 wheel-size.cn -
#67.BMW Z4 2022款,最新車款資料 - 8891新車
8891汽車BMW Z4 綜述,提供在售BMW Z4 圖片、價格、完整規配、最新資訊、專業車評, ... 在售; 2022年; 2021年; 2019年; 2017年; 2016年; 2015年; 2014年; 2013年 ... 於 c.8891.com.tw -
#68.2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive20i M Sport Roadster £12,995
2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive20i M Sport Roadster, Manual, In White. 1 Former Keeper. 於 www.baskeyfields.co.uk -
#69.2013 BMW Z4 Specs, Price, MPG & Reviews - Cars.com
2013 BMW Z4 review: Our expert's take. Vehicle Overview. The two-seat Z4 roadster uses a standard folding metal hardtop. Trim levels ... 於 www.cars.com -
#70.Used 2013 BMW Z4 for Sale (with Photos) - CarGurus
2013 BMW Z4. 2013 BMW Z4 Expert Overview photo. It can be hard to believe anyone with the wherewithal to snag a ... 於 www.cargurus.com -
#71.BMW Z4硬頂敞篷跑車正式在台上市 - T客邦
BMW總代理汎德公司正式發表全新BMW Z4 sDrive 20i、BMW Z4 sDrive35i硬頂 ... 全新BMW Z4 sDrive18i、BMW Z4 sDrive 28i M Sport Package也將在2013年 ... 於 www.techbang.com -
#72.Amazon.com: 1:24 2013 BMW Z4 GT3- White - Optimum Diecast
Amazon.com: 1:24 2013 BMW Z4 GT3- White - Optimum Diecast - Motor City Classics : Arts, Crafts & Sewing. 於 www.amazon.com -
#73.2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive20i Roadster £13,490
2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive20i Roadster, Manual, In Silver. BI Xenons, Parking Aid. 於 www.braidwoodmotors.com -
#74.Tires That Fit Your 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i with Sport Package
We have a large tire catalog that will meet your needs. Find tires that fit your 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i with Sport Package today at Goodyearautoservice.com. 於 www.goodyearautoservice.com -
#75.2013 BMW Z4, Sdrive28I | WBALL5C51DJ104891 | Bid History
2013 BMW Z4, Sdrive28I ✔️ VIN: WBALL5C51DJ104891 Lot: 1-43483592, Sale date: 2022-06-07 ➡️ Location: San Martin (CA), USA | Odometer: ... 於 bid.cars -
#76.BMW Z4 Facelift: Roadster wird 2013 aufgefrischt
2013 kommt der überarbeitete BMW Z4 zu den Händlern. Kleine Änderungen sollen den Roadster fit für die zweite Lebenshälfte machen. 於 www.auto-motor-und-sport.de -
#77.【power parts】goodridge 金屬煞車油管bmw z4 2009-2013
【power parts】goodridge 金屬煞車油管bmw z4 2009-2013的推薦商品價格,輕鬆購物,FindPrice 價格網讓你快速找到想要購買的商品! 於 www.findprice.com.tw -
#78.2013 13 BMW Z4 2.0 Z4 SDRIVE18I ROADSTER 2d 155 BHP
2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive18i Roadster, Automatic, In Black. Fsh, 1 Owner, Low Mileage, Ulez. 於 www.flexycars.co.uk -
#79.Used 2013 BMW Z4/LL20 for Sale BM403815 - BE FORWARD
Used 2013 BMW Z4/LL20 for sale. Find an affordable Used BMW Z4 with No.1 Japanese used car exporter BE FORWARD. 於 www.beforward.jp -
#80.Tomica No.61 BMW Z4 2013新車貼 - 蝦皮購物
Tomica No.61 BMW Z4 2013 新車貼商品全新未開盒購買Tomica No.61 BMW Z4 2013新車貼. 於 shopee.tw -
#81.2013 BMW Z4 - News, reviews, picture galleries and videos
Its drivetrain includes a trio of twin-turbocharged engines, a 4 cylinder (sDrive 28i) and two inline 6 cylinders (sDrive 35i and 35is). There's a factory- ... 於 www.guideautoweb.com -
#82.Bmw Z4 2013的價格推薦- 2022年5月| 比價比個夠BigGo
bmw Z4 2013價格推薦共67筆商品。包含65筆拍賣、3筆商城.快搜尋「bmw Z4 2013」找出哪裡買、現貨推薦與歷史價格一站比價,最低價格都在BigGo! 於 biggo.com.tw -
#83.宝马Z42013款sDrive35is|汽车图片|买车网|大众点评|新车上市
购宝马Z4之家额外返现200元. 北京. 经销商 车主价格 二手车 口碑. 综合排序 销量最高 价格最低 ... 宝马Z4 2013款sDrive35is. 8万公里/2014年/商家. 29.00万. 於 www.autohome.com.cn -
#84.Used 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i for sale at HGreg
This 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i Turbocharged Gas I4 2.0L/122, rWD traction, automatic transmission and jet Black color is for sale in West Palm Beach, ... 於 www.hgreg.com -
#85.BMW Z4 (E89, facelift 2013) 2013 – 18i (156 hp) sDrive
BMW Z4 (E89, facelift 2013) 2013 - 18i (156 hp) sDrive Auto Data.org 技術規格,發動機,油耗和其他數據. 於 tw.auto-data.org -
#86.2013 BMW Z4 Review, Ratings, Specs, Prices, and Photos
Thanks to the new turbocharged four-cylinder engine in the 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive28i, the base version of the Z4 is a surprisingly green sports car, ... 於 www.thecarconnection.com -
#87.2013+BMW+Z4+sDrive28i+M+Sport+AC+Schnitzer
2013 +BMW+Z4+sDrive28i+M+Sport+AC+Schnitzer ... Rene E. 於 3dwarehouse.sketchup.com -
#88.2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive20i M Sport Roadster ... - BTS Cars
2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive20i M Sport Roadster, Automatic, In White. Convertable/Auto Gearbox. 於 www.btscars.uk -
#89.BMW Z4 GTE set for 2013 ALMS - Motor1.com
BMW Motorsport has developed the Z4 GTE which will compete in the 2013 American Le Mans Series. 於 www.motor1.com -
#90.Headlight Assemblies for 2013 BMW Z4 for sale - eBay
Get the best deals on Headlight Assemblies for 2013 BMW Z4 when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on many items | Browse your ... 於 www.ebay.com -
#91.2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive35is Roadster £24,475
2013 BMW Z4 Z4 Sdrive35is Roadster, Automatic, In Red. Huge Spec - Stunning Example -. 於 www.cottrellmotors.co.uk -
#92.2013 BMW Z4 sDrive20i | 車款介紹- Yahoo奇摩汽車機車
在Yahoo奇摩汽車機車,瀏覽2013 BMW Z4 sDrive20i 最新售價、規格、配備、內外裝照片與中古行情,獲得最新優惠訊息、推薦試駕,讓愛車的你一手掌握流行資訊! 於 autos.yahoo.com.tw -
#93.2013底特律車展】BMW Z4小改款 - 汽車線上
【2013底特律車展】BMW Z4小改款. 記者:haya 2013-02-05. BMW的Z4敞篷車現行車型為第二代,是於2009年的底特律車展上作全球發表,距今也已經有四年歲月了,所以這次的 ... 於 www.auto-online.com.tw -
#94.2013 BMW Z4 sDrive35is | Review - Supercars.net
2013 BMW Z4 sDrive35is. The BMW Z4 Roadster represents the interplay of classical proportions and state-of-the-art technology. An updated version of the ... 於 www.supercars.net -
#95.bmw z4 2013 的價格 - FindCar 找車網
有6 台bmw z4 2013,新車,中古車的車輛、平均車價:新車330萬,中古車99.8萬,BMW Z4 sDrive20i 總代理2.0t 2013款手自排2.0L BMW 寶馬Z4 高雄市2013 其他2門2人座手自排 ... 於 www.findcar.com.tw -
#96.2013 BMW Z4 sDrive35is review - CNET
The 2013 BMW Z4 sDrive35is is an expensive toy with great power and tech, but at this price we'd recommend that driving enthusiasts choose ... 於 www.cnet.com