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道路綠化對駕駛者注意力及反應時間影響之研究

為了解決2022 Volvo S90的問題，作者柯柔安 這樣論述：

分心與疲勞駕駛占交通事故原因達20%。疲勞駕駛高風險不亞於酒後駕駛，皆會使駕駛神智不清、反應速度下降，無法提起精神專注於駕車上。因此駕駛的感知反應時間(Perception–Reaction Time , PRT)往往是影響事故的重要因素。因此本研究目的探討道路綠化對駕駛者注意力與反應時間之影響，然而目前對於綠化與反應時間的研究較少。望對提升駕駛者反應時間有所助益，進而減少事故的發生。本研究欲探討道路綠化對駕駛人之影響，但道路現實突發狀況難以預測，對駕駛也有安全性的疑慮，考慮到實際上路周遭環境因子眾多，導致實驗結果受到影響，故運用虛擬的技術來重建實驗場景。受測流程分為三個階段：前置作業及注意

力前測、駕駛模擬測驗、注意力後測。利用反向數字廣度測驗(backward digit span, BDS)以及叫色作業(Stroop)兩種注意力測驗工具進行注意力前測及後測進而比較注意不同環境背景及道路綠化程度對駕駛之影響。駕駛模擬測驗分本研究採用Oculus VR Quest 2結合駕駛模擬方向盤的模擬系統來重建虛擬實驗場景，將道路背景分為都市及鄉村；道路兩測行道樹綠化程度分成：無綠化、1%-10%、11%-20%、21%-30%、31%-40%共10組，每組收集15人，共有150位受測者。受測者戴上VR分別觀看3段模擬突發狀況，利用突發事件與受測者踩煞車時間差收集受測者的反應時間。本研究共

收集144份有效樣本，經由研究結果發現，觀看綠化之路段後，能提升駕駛於駕車時的注意力程度。不同綠化程度皆會影響駕駛人的注意力，在綠化與BDS注意力測驗結果顯著，道路綠化程度越高，駕駛的專注程度越高。在綠化與叫色作業測驗結果則不顯著；在反應時間方面，道路綠化與反應時間有顯著性，綠化程度越高，駕駛遇突發狀況的反應時間則越短。研究結果說明觀看有行道樹的路段能有效改善駕駛的身心狀況，而綠化之道路對於注意力和反應時間改善也有實質的幫助。本研究結果可作為行道樹設計方面提供具體的建議，行道樹不僅可以綠美化道路環境同時降低駕駛者的不穩定情緒、提高注意力、對生理和心理有所幫助，未來在規劃道路設計時可以多注意行道

樹的配置與設計，有助於提高駕駛人於道路行車之安全性。

Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) – Demand Analysis of Retail Investors in Taiwan and Germany

為了解決2022 Volvo S90的問題，作者杜永仁 這樣論述：

There is a recent financial market transformation with an observable shift of awareness towards environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG). Investors increasingly demand that their money is saved with less risk of externalities.Various rating agencies with proprietary frameworks emerged,

leading to conflicting corporate sustainability information. Two companies were analyzed to showcase rating divergence: Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and Volkswagen (VW). Both had above-average ESG performance with headroom for improvements in transparency and environmental aspe

cts.This thesis contributes to the academic literature by exploring the status of ESG awareness through a survey of 547 individuals in Germany and Taiwan. Predictors of knowledge and interest in ESG were tested, including investment experience, time frame, income, age, education, and information beh

avior.A partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was created to visualize correlations, measure path weights, and test reliability & validity; this enabled a data-driven exploration of this novel research field.Most respondents had little or no knowledge of ESG and did not know the

rating of their investments. However, 72% claimed to have moderate to high levels of interest. Top exclusion categories included weapons, pornography, and animal testing.More than half of respondents expected companies with ESG agenda to be more profitable than benchmarks in the long run.Environment

al aspects ranked as the most demanded corporate improvements with a share of 62%. Social engagement came second, governance third, and more profit was last with only 2.7% of votes. Companies’ responses had opposed priorities in literature.More retail investors admitted to following recommendations,

ratings, and financial advice instead of researching information themselves.