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Police-building and the Responsibility to Protect: Civil Society, Gender and Human Rights Culture in Oceania

為了解決Protect的問題，作者Hawksley, Charles/ Georgeou, Nichole 這樣論述：

This book examines how the UN and states provide assistance for the police services of developing states to help them meet their human rights obligations to their citizens, under the responsibility to protect (R2P) provisions. It examines police-capacity building ("police-building") by international

donors in Timor-Leste, Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea (PNG). All three states have been described as "fragile states" and "states of concern," and all have witnessed significant social tensions and violence in the past decades. The authors argue that globally police-building forms part of an

attempt to make states "safe" so that they can adhere to norms of human rights with the framework of a developing democratic polity, allow the flow of capital for investment and profit taking, and be responsible members of the international community. Oceania as a region thus illuminates numerous is

sues in post-conflict state-building found in other parts of the world. The case studies explore international assistance in policing provided to the Global South and link these with police-building operations elsewhere in the world -- particularly Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo since around 2

000), the Caribbean (Haiti since 1999) and Europe (Kosovo since 1999) -- so as to develop a typology of police-building. The aim is to contribute to the debate concerning the appropriateness of the aid given, and to determine if a relationship exists between R2P and police-building.The Oceania regio

n allows the authors to explore and analyse the relationship between police-building and R2P at different levels of international relations. Specifically, the book examines the range of activities adopted by the UN and other police organisations to evaluate if there is any correlation between police

-building and entrenching a culture of respect for human rights within society. These case studies operate: at the multilateral level, where we explore the UN in Timor-Leste; at the regional level, as regional organisations are prominent in peace operations, we examine the Pacific Islands Forum's Re

gional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI); at the bilateral level, as North-South bilateral ties are common across the world, we survey Australian policing aid (supplemented by that of New Zealand) to these states. The authors argue that a culture of human rights in the two of the three s

tates (Timor-Leste and Solomon Islands) is being fostered, but that police-building does little if anything to spread knowledge of R2P. Rather, an improvement in the level of knowledge and respect for human rights is due to the activism of local and international NGOs who link through transnational

civil society to advocate for improvements in police treatment of citizens, publicise police abuses and pressure politicians to take action.This book will be of much interest to students of the R2P, development studies, security-sector reform, statebuilding, peace and conflict studies, Asia-Pacific

Politics and IR in general. Charles Hawksley is Senior Lecturer in the Politics Program in the School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, Australia. Nichole Georgeou is Lecturer in International Development and Global Studies, Australian Catholic University, and author of Neoliberal

ism, Development, and Aid Volunteering (Routledge 2012).

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台灣東北部海域廣東長吻鰩與尖棘甕鰩攝食生態研究

為了解決Protect的問題，作者呂泰君 這樣論述：

鰩類族群豐度高且分佈範圍廣，其營養位階幾乎涵蓋海洋食物鏈的中上層，透過食性研究最能深入了解鰩類在海洋生態系中與其他物種的相互關系。本研究針對宜蘭大溪漁港拖網漁船於龜山島海域附近捕獲之廣東長吻鰩（Dipturus kwangtungensis）及尖棘甕鰩（Okamejei acutispina）進行胃內容物分析。本研究自2018年4月至2019年10月間共採集到廣東長吻鰩361尾（雄魚177尾，雌魚184尾）及尖棘甕鰩135尾（雄魚66尾，雌魚69尾）。兩種鰩之餌料生物累積曲線隨樣本數的增加呈現平緩的趨勢，代表本研究樣本數足以描述其攝食生態。研究結果顯示廣東長吻鰩主要餌料為甲殼類，餌料生物重要

性指數百分比（%RI）以無法鑑定的蝦類（unidentified shrimp）為最高（%RI = 45.34），其次為對蝦總科（Penaeoidea）（%RI = 16.56）以及細螯蝦屬（Leptochela spp.）（%RI = 13.60%）。餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，但空胃率僅於季節間有差異，雄、雌魚攝食組成高度重疊，體長組別間以小型個體與中型個體重疊度為最高，而小型個體與大型個體為最低，顯示廣東長吻鰩會隨成長改變攝食對象。尖棘甕鰩餌料重要性指數以無法鑑定的硬骨魚佔比例最高（%RI = 42.52），其次為無法鑑定的蝦（%RI = 25.06）及對蝦總科（%RI = 20

.77）；餌料生物多樣性隨個體體長增加而上升，空胃率於性別間及季節間皆有差異。雄、雌魚攝食為高度重疊，體長組別間以中型個體與大型個體重疊度最高，顯示尖棘甕鰩亦會隨成長改變餌料生物。兩種鰩的攝食寬度經標準化後分別為0.03及0.05，皆為專一攝食物種；但由有效餌料生物數量（H'）計算顯示其棲地餌料生物種類多且豐度極高，兩種鰩應為隨餌料生物豐度及優勢程度改變攝食特性之種類。

Design and Covid-19: From Reaction to Resilience

為了解決Protect的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Presenting key examples and case studies of how design has responded to the pandemic, Design and Covid-19 offers lessons and approaches to design for future resilience. Design has a key role to play in not only creating products to ensure safety from the pandemic, but also in the creation of complex

systems, new technologies and physical environments that enable us to carry out our lives and protect populations in the future. Design and Covid-19 identifies four key phases of the pandemic to examine how designers developed systems, services, communications and products as part of our response t

o the crisis, whether at an international, national or community level. Contributors report from a range of international contexts, including countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia, detailing how countries responded to the pandemic, introduced social distancing and lockdowns, developed te

st, track and trace systems, implemented new laws and how design and designers responded to the urgent new challenges that the pandemic created. They explore the adaptation of designs as communities searched for new ways of connecting and working through restrictions and social distancing measures,

establishing local mutual aid groups and using social media to support each other through the pandemic, and go on to focus on recovery and resilience, analysing the deeper, systemic design response as industries emerge from lockdown. They explore the need to reflect on and investigate key issues in

order to understand what we can learn personally, socially, economically and globally from this unprecedented crisis. Drawing upon the expertise of scholars from across the globe, Design and Covid-19 explores a wide range of design disciplines to address the complex societal and global issues highli

ghted throughout the pandemic, and to inform new ways of building human and planetary wellbeing. Rachel Cooper OBE is Distinguished Professor of Design Management and Policy at Lancaster University, UK. She is the co-editor of The Handbook of Design Management (Bloomsbury 2011, 2017) and of Design

for Health (2020). Louise Mullagh is Senior Research Associate at the Lancaster Institute for the Contemporary Arts, Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK.

台灣女性的家：家務勞動作為戰時體制下的後援基地 (1937-1945)

為了解決Protect的問題，作者李宜蓁 這樣論述：

本文發現二戰時（1937-1945）臺灣的女性被鼓勵參與戰爭，成為可以保家衛國的存在。雖然當時的女性地位看似提升，卻仍無法脫離家庭的身份任務。本研究取徑於傅柯（Michel Foucault, 1926-1984）的系譜學（genealogy）與治理術（governmentality），從大量檔案中建立國家訓練女性家事背後的權力關係，重新論述臺灣女性、家事與家三者在戰爭中的定位。本文發現「女性做家事」此現象，是國家治理國民生活刻意建構的性別分工意識型態，亦為戰時國家動員女性協助經濟統制的機制。國家也透過此機制掌握非戰場的民生物資資源，同時藉由女性的家事能力確保國民健康。「家」成為國家的戰時後

援基地供給人力資源，為日治時期住宅史與軍事動員研究提供另一種討論面向。