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Environmental, Physiological and Chemical Controls of Adventitious Rooting in Cuttings

為了解決Soak up的問題，作者 這樣論述：

The goal of this book is to provide a review, as thorough and up-to-date as possible, of the state-of-the-art of the environmental, physiological and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings obtained from plants. In plants, adventitious roots, which are highly useful for vegetative prop

agation (or clonal propagation) are produced mainly from leaves, hypocotyls, stems or shoots. Vegetative propagation may occur naturally by making use of propagules such as roots, underground and aerial stems, leaves, buds and bulbils. It may also be done artificially through regenerative organs (rh

izomes, bulbs, and corms) and by utilizing specialized methods, like cutting, grafting and layering. The technique of stem cuttings has long been used as an effective and economical method/measure of clonal propagation of uniform and pathogen-free plants of elite genotypes/germplasms. This is partic

ularly true for various species of horticultural and forestry value. The technique is of special importance for plants producing seeds that are highly recalcitrant and have a very low germination percentage. Quite often, both in vitro and in vivo clonal propagations are carried out using different t

ypes of explants. For in vitro clonal propagation usually axillary buds in the nodal segments are used, while various types of stem cuttings are chosen for in vivo propagation. Adventitious root formation in cuttings is a crucial physiological process for clonal propagation of many plant species. Ov

erall, a plethora of factors affect the adventitious rooting of cuttings, adding to the complexity of the phenomenon. The main factors which control adventitious root formation are types of cuttings, presence of leaf area on cuttings, types of hormones and their concentration, duration of hormonal t

reatment (quick dip, long soak, dry dip, spray dip, or total immerse method), maturation (juvenile or mature), genotype, explant position (basal, middle or apical cuttings), irradiance, temperature, water availability, season, mineral nutrition, rooting conditions, and/or proliferation medium. The i

dentification and the use of correct combination and/or hormonal or auxin treatments have improved the rooting potential even in hard-to-root species. It has been noticed that in spite of a thorough control of environmental factors in the modern propagation industry, high economic losses still occur

because of insufficient rooting. Therefore, understanding of each aspect associated with the adventitious root formation in cuttings is important and remains a fertile discipline for research. Pretreatment of cuttings with auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and a-naphthalene

acetic acid causes metabolic changes during the adventitious root formation, which consists of three successive but independent phases, namely induction, initiation, and expression. The induction phase comprises of molecular and biochemical events without visible changes, the initiation phase is ch

aracterized by cell divisions and root primordia organization, and the expression phase denotes the intra-stem growth of root primordia and the emergence of roots. Since rooting is a high-energy-demanding process, rooting ability of cuttings has been frequently discussed in relation to soluble and s

torage carbohydrate contents. Availability of energy sources as well as supply of nitrogen and amino-acid affects the pace and intensity of adventitious root formation. Furthermore, significant alterations in enzyme activities and metabolite accumulation observed in plant cuttings suggest that the a

ctivity of specific enzymes and metabolites governs the adventitious root formation. For instance, oxidative enzymes, widely distributed in higher plants, have special significance during the rooting. In many studies, changes in the pattern of oxidative enzymes such as peroxidase, indole acetic acid

oxidase, etc, have been taken as the biochemical markers for the successive rooting phases. Further, cutting-edge tools of genome and proteome analysis have been used to understand molecular regulations, gene actions, and cellular processes involved in adventitious root formation. Several candidate

genes have been identified to provoke the induction, initiation, and maintenance of adventitious root primordia-associated signaling cascading network. Considering these crucial points, it becomes essential to understand the underlying factors and their interactions during the formation of adventit

ious roots in cuttings. Given the above, effort has been made in the present book to cover a wide range of topics, as mentioned above, and discuss the environmental, physiological, and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. The authors have crafted each chapter with immense clarity,

reviewing up-to-date literature and presenting lucid illustrations.

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氣體擴散層經聚四氟乙烯處理對其親疏水性平衡以及燃料電池效能之影響

為了解決Soak up的問題，作者謝淳凱 這樣論述：

氣體擴散層（Gas Diffusion Layer；GDL）為質子交換膜燃料電池（Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell；PEMFC）的重要元件之一，而氣體擴散層作為氣體、電子、質子與產物水的傳輸通道，需要具備高導電性、透氣性、疏水性、抗腐蝕性及強度等特性。本研究著重於氣體擴散層疏水性的提升，尋找到良好的疏水性與親水性的平衡，目前商業用的氣體擴散層在進行疏水處理時，僅會在氣體擴散層的一側添加疏水層，並沒有考慮到氣體擴散層本身疏水性的需求。而本研究先將PAN系氧化纖維氈進行 1000℃ 碳化，並含浸酚醛樹脂再進行熱壓，而得到碳纖維紙作為本實驗的基材，以不同濃度的疏

水漿料—聚四氟乙烯（Polytetrafluoroethylene；PTFE）來浸泡碳纖維紙，使聚四氟乙烯填充進入碳纖維紙中的間隙，適度的調整結構特性以及電化學表現。此製程最主要可使氣體擴散層的疏水性提升，PTFE 添加的多寡會影響燃料電池在反應過程中的產物水排除的難易程度，所以適度的水管理能力可以提升電池的性能表現。在實驗使用了兩種不同的碳纖維紙原料，分別為 165 克 GDL 與 230 克 GDL，並且最佳的 PTFE 濃度參數皆為 C%，並在負載 0.3 V 下，最大電流密度分別為 1391 mA/cm2以及2389 mA/cm2，最大功率密度為 443 mW/cm2 以及 762 m

W/cm2。

São Tomé & Príncipe

為了解決Soak up的問題，作者Becker, Kathleen 這樣論述：

A tour leader, travel writer and translator, Kathleen Becker spends a large part of the year on São Tomé & Príncipe, the tiny cocoa islands on the equator, leading hiking groups for UK and German operators. A European Creole of German-Irish heritage, she first explored São Tomé & Príncipe for Bradt’

s pioneering guide in 2006. Recently picked up by mainstream travel media as one of the Top Ten Places to Visit in the World, São Tomé & Príncipe is one of those places that stays with you. With Kathleen’s guide, part the thick green curtains of the rainforest on a trail once taken by escaped slaves

, grapple with kizomba moves in the company of the dance-mad youngsters (the median age is 18), learn to tell the endemic Speirops from the White-eye or watch a turtle dig her nest on deserted beaches, sample the latest fluffy creation at a new chocolate factory, surf the warm waters of magic Seven

Waves Beach, and share a slice of humble daily life with the friendly and curious Santomeans. Leve-leve is the country’s motto with many meanings: a response to a greeting, an invitation to take things slowly, to go with the flow, but also in the right direction with an assured step. Based in a work

aday city neighbourhood of street food sellers when not leading tours, she was involved in ecotourism training along the Cocoa Route in the north in 2015 and started teaching English to local agency guides in 2018, picking up aspects of Santomean life and Creole words from her students along the way

- sharing in the lifelong adventure of learning.This edition was updated with the help of Sean Connolly ([ig] shanboqol), who first travelled to Africa as a student in 2008 and returns to the continent whenever possible to research, teach or simply soak up the ambiance in Africa’s countless little-

visited corners. He’s been poring over maps since before he could read them, and working with Bradt Guides since 2011. Along with authoring two editions of Bradt’s Senegal, he’s also updated or contributed to the Bradt guides to Somaliland, Malawi, Mozambique, Ghana, Uruguay, Sierra Leone, two editi

ons of Rwanda and Gabon. He first visited and fell in love with STP in 2015, and has been raving about it to anyone who will listen ever since.

結合奈米光觸媒與天然抗菌材料處理室內生物氣膠

為了解決Soak up的問題，作者魏大鈞 這樣論述：

近代社會生活作息及工作形式與環境的改變，人類於室內活動的時間開始逐步延長，對於室內空氣品質的要求也開始提升。其中生物氣膠(bioaerosol)其致病性與致過敏性嚴重影響人體健康。台灣處亞熱帶地區且長年處於高濕度環境，室內容易累積微生物並形成生物氣膠。為能有效的控制室內生物氣膠，本研究嘗試開發結合幾丁聚醣包覆奈米光觸媒的雙重抗菌之棉網材料，可直接應用於處理室內生物氣膠。本研究分別將奈米氧化鋅(ZnO)與奈米二氧化鈦(TiO2)懸浮於2%乙酸水溶液中，再將幾丁聚醣溶解於該水溶液中，使奈米光觸媒材料充分與幾丁聚醣混和後，以氫氧化鈉 (NaOH)調整pH值使幾丁聚醣產生凝集，而後將市售之棉網充分浸

潤後進行乾燥，使幾丁聚醣成功包覆奈米光觸媒材料附著於棉網上。由SEM-EDX的型態與元素分析結果顯示，棉網材料表面確實存在奈米氧化鋅與奈米二氧化鈦。FTIR分析結果顯示，經幾丁聚醣包覆後的圖譜出現了變化，證實成功將幾丁聚醣包覆至棉網表面。在添加15%奈米氧化鋅棉網材料(Zn15)與20%奈米二氧化鈦棉網材料(Ti20) 催化還原反應，擬一階反應動力的反應k值分別為0.019 l/min 與0.0258 l/min 證實具備催化活性，細胞存活率實驗(XTT)結果也顯示兩種棉網材料對實驗菌株有33.62 %到70.22 %與24.37 %到35.67 %的活性抑制能力。抑菌能力分析結果顯示在UV光

催化反應下Zn15抑菌率有60.44 %到97.97 %，Ti20抑菌率為47.83 %到96.50 %，尤其對於革蘭氏陽性菌的Staphylococcus sciuri、Kocuria marina、Kocuria carniphila 效果較為突出。以Escherichia coli為例計算實驗材料對抑菌濾的貢獻量，幾丁聚醣棉網於不鏽鋼支架上時產生的抑菌率為33.47%，加入UVA光照射後增加15.81%，在UVA光激發下添加奈米氧化鋅後增加6.94%到16.56%，添加奈米二氧化鈦後則增加5.00%到14.19%。生物氣膠處理模組實驗結果顯示，在UV光催化反應下，濕度70%、空氣流量12

L/min的環境下抑菌率最佳，Zn15抑菌率為70.64%到76.83%，Ti20抑菌率為67.42%到75.38%。在濕度70%、空氣流量24L/min環境下，Zn15抑菌率為66.58%到69.01%，Ti20抑菌率為65.37%到69.46%；在濕度40%、空氣流量12L/min環境下，Zn15抑菌率為66.15%到72.51%，Ti20抑菌率為65.39%到72.82%；濕度40%、空氣流量24L/min環境下，Zn15抑菌率為63.15%到70.66%，Ti20抑菌率為62.09%到64.84%。進一步將本研究製作之Zn15/Ti20棉網材料在濕度70%、空氣流量12L/min環境下

對生物氣膠具備一定程度的抑菌效果，尤其對於革蘭氏陽性菌具有較為突出的抑菌率。儘管本研究所製作出的棉網材料在去除率相對商業產品上較低，但棉網材料所具備的抑菌效果，仍具備輔助去除生物氣膠的作用。本研究結果可以作為開發室內空氣清淨設備輔助殺菌效果的參考。