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Design and Analysis of Composite Structures for Automotive Applications: Chassis and Drivetrain

為了解決Vertical component的問題，作者Kobelev, Vladimir 這樣論述：

A design reference for engineers developing composite components for automotive chassis, suspension, and drivetrain applicationsThis book provides a theoretical background for the development of elements of car suspensions. It begins with a description of the elastic-kinematics of the vehicle and

closed form solutions for the vertical and lateral dynamics. It evaluates the vertical, lateral, and roll stiffness of the vehicle, and explains the necessity of the modelling of the vehicle stiffness. The composite materials for the suspension and powertrain design are discussed and their mechanic

al properties are provided. The book also looks at the basic principles for the design optimization using composite materials and mass reduction principles. Additionally, references and conclusions are presented in each chapter.Design and Analysis of Composite Structures for Automotive Applications:

Chassis and Drivetrain offers complete coverage of chassis components made of composite materials and covers elastokinematics and component compliances of vehicles. It looks at parts made of composite materials such as stabilizer bars, wheels, half-axes, springs, and semi-trail axles. The book also

provides information on leaf spring assembly for motor vehicles and motor vehicle springs comprising composite materials.Covers the basic principles for the design optimization using composite materials and mass reduction principlesEvaluates the vertical, lateral, and roll stiffness of the vehicle,

and explains the modelling of the vehicle stiffnessDiscusses the composite materials for the suspension and powertrain designFeatures closed form solutions of problems for car dynamics explained in details and illustrated pictoriallyDesign and Analysis of Composite Structures for Automotive Applica

tions: Chassis and Drivetrain is recommended primarily for engineers dealing with suspension design and development, and those who graduated from automotive or mechanical engineering courses in technical high school, or in other higher engineering schools.

Vertical component進入發燒排行的影片

利用焙燒暨酸浸法從廢棄LED晶粒中回收鎵金屬資源

為了解決Vertical component的問題，作者吳德懷 這樣論述：

LED是發光二極體(Light Emitting Diode)的簡稱。由於LED燈具有節能、無汞等特性，在照明市場之需求日益增加，LED在許多領域已經取代了傳統光源(白熾燈、螢光燈等)。LED燈之高效率白光照明主要是由LED晶粒中氮化鎵(GaN)半導體所產生。隨著LED市場的擴大，未來將產生大量的LED廢棄物。因此，回收廢棄LED中所含的鎵金屬資源對於資源的可持續利用和環境保護都具有重要意義。本研究以廢棄LED燈珠為對象，利用焙燒與酸浸法從其LED晶粒中回收鎵金屬資源，主要包括三個部分：化學組成分析、氟化鈉焙燒處理與酸溶浸漬等。探討各項實驗因子包括焙燒溫度、焙燒時間、礦鹼比、酸浸漬種類及濃度

、浸漬時間、及浸漬固液比等，對於鎵金屬浸漬率之影響，並與各文獻方法所得到的鎵金屬浸漬效果進行比較。研究結果顯示，LED晶粒中含有鎵5.21 wt.%，氟化鈉焙燒暨酸溶浸漬之最佳條件為焙燒溫度900 ℃、焙燒時間3hr、礦鹼比1:6.95、鹽酸浸漬濃度0.5 M、浸漬溫度25 ℃、浸漬時間10mins、固液比2.86 g/L，鎵金屬浸漬率為98.4%。與各文獻方法相比較，本方法可於相對低溫且常壓下獲得較高之鎵金屬浸漬效果。

The Multi Business Model Innovation Approach

為了解決Vertical component的問題，作者Lindgren, Peter (EDT) 這樣論述：

It is argued in most academic literature that Business Model (BM) is a general model for how any business runs or should be run, it is the "blueprint of the business." Conversely we argue that no business has just one BM, one model on which it runs all its business or intends to run its business. In

other words the BM can be used for "as-is" and "to-be" businesses. However our research, in contrast to the other BM frameworks, indicates that businesses have more BMs--both "as-is" and "to-be" BMs--the multi business model approach. This was already theoretically indicated by Markides and Charito

u in 2004, and again in the Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart model of 2010, but sadly no one in the BM community has followed up on this since then. It could have made a breakthrough in our understanding of BMs, Business Model Innovation (BMI) and Strategic BMI. The Multi Business Model Innovation Appr

oach addresses the concerns in the BM community and in BMI practice to just focus on the ideation and conceptualization of BMs. "BM canvassing," innovating BM building blocks or BM dimensions when carrying out BMI, so-called "blind business model innovation," is not sufficient to run and understand

a business today. BMs and BMI must address all the different levels in a business. All BMs are objects to BMI and should be used to maximize the performance and sustainability of the business. The core business and all level BMs, such as BM dimension components, BM dimensions, BM portfolio, and Busi

ness Model Ecosystem (BMES), should all be considered for BMI. This book addresses and documents a gap in BM research and the BM community--but also proposes a generic definition and language of a BM and BMI layers. The significance and importance of this work is related to significant and unexplore

d possibilities that BMI offers today, and can offer tomorrow. When we thoroughly understand all levels, dimensions and components of the business and its business models, and we are able to communicate, work and innovate with business models at all levels together, then a next step in BM and BMI re

search and practice can be taken. It is proposed that any BMs are related to seven dimensions--value proposition, user and/or customer, value chain functions (internal), competence, network, relations and value formula. It is further proposed that seven different levels of a BMI from the most detail

ed level--the BM dimension component--to the BM dimension, BM, BM portfolio, business, and the vertical and horizontal business model ecosystem layer--and these can be objects to BMI. Conceptually, the Business Model Cube was formed using the seven dimensions which could be used both in a 2D and a 3

D version.

調控高分子給體二維共軛側鏈與設計共軛中心核與pi-架橋小分子受體結構與性質之系統性研究

為了解決Vertical component的問題，作者陳重豪 這樣論述：

此研究中，我們通過引入具有（苯並二噻吩）-（噻吩）（噻吩）-四氫苯並惡二唑（BDTTBO）主鏈的新型供體-受體（D/A）共軛聚合物製備了用於有機光伏（OPV）的三元共混物。在BDTTBO單體中BDT供體單元上修飾不同的共軛側鏈聯噻吩 (BT)、苯並噻吩 (BzT) 和噻吩並噻吩 (TT)（記為 BDTTBO-BT、BDTTBO-BzT 和 BDTTBO-TT）。然後，我們將 BDTTBO-BT 或 BDTTBO-BzT 或 BDTTBO-TT 與聚（苯並二噻吩-氟噻吩並噻吩）（PTB7-TH）結合起來，以擴大太陽光譜的吸收並調整活性層中 PTB7-TH 和富勒烯的分子堆積，從而增加短路電流密

度。我們發現參入10%的BDTTBO-BT高分子以形成 PTB7-TH：BDTTBO-BT：PC71BM 形成三元共混物元件活性層可以將太陽能元件的功率轉換效率從 PTB7-TH 的二元共混物元件 9.0% 提高到 10.4%： PC71BM 轉換效率相對增長超過 15%。於第二部分，我們比較在BDTTBO單體中BDT供體單元上修飾硫原子或氯原子 取代和同時修飾硫原子和氯原子取代的側鏈聚合物供體與小分子受體光伏的功率轉換效率 (PCE) 的實驗結果與由監督產生的預測 PCE。使用隨機森林算法的機器學習 (ML) 模型。我們發現 ML 可以解釋原子變化的聚合物側鏈結構中的結構差異，因此對二元共混

系統中的 PCE 趨勢給出了合理的預測，提供了系統中的形態差異，例如分子堆積和取向被最小化。因此，活性層中分子取向和堆積導致的結構差異顯著影響 PCE 的預測值和實驗值之間的差異。我們通過改變其原始聚合物聚[苯並二噻吩-噻吩-苯並惡二唑] (PBDTTBO) 的側鏈結構合成了三種新的聚合物供體。同時修飾硫原子和氯原子取代的側鏈結構用於改變聚合物供體的相對取向和表面能，從而改變活性層的形態。 BDTSCl-TBO:IT-4F 器件的最高功率轉換效率 (PCE) 為 11.7%，與使用基於隨機森林算法的機器學習預測的 11.8% 的 PCE 一致。這項研究不僅提供了對新聚合物供體光伏性能的深入了解

，而且還提出了未明確納入機器學習算法的形態（堆積取向和表面能）的可能影響。於第三部分，為了理解下一代材料化學結構的設計規則提高有機光伏（OPV）性能。特別是在小分子受體的化學結構不僅決定了其互補光吸收的程度，還決定了與聚合物供體結合時本體異質結 (BHJ) 活性層的形態。通過正確選擇受體實現優化的OPV 元件性能。在本研究中，我們選擇了四種具有不同共軛核心的小分子受體——稠環核心茚二噻吩、二噻吩並茚並茚二噻吩（IDTT）、具有氧烷基-苯基取代的IDTT稠環核心、二噻吩並噻吩-吡咯並苯並噻二唑結構相同的端基，標記為 ID-4Cl、IT-4Cl、m-ITIC-OR-4Cl 和 Y7，與寬能帶高分子

PTQ10 形成二共混物元件。我們發現基於 Y7 受體的器件在所有二元混合物器件中表現出最好的光伏性能，功率轉換效率 (PCE) 達到 14.5%，與具有 10.0% 的 PCE 的 ID-4Cl 受體相比，可以提高 45%主要歸因於短路電流密度 (JSC) 和填充因子 (FF) 的增強，這是由於熔環核心區域中共軛和對稱梯型的增加，提供了更廣泛的光吸收，誘導面朝向並減小域尺寸。該研究揭示了核心結構單元在影響有源層形態和器件性能方面的重要性，並為設計新材料和優化器件提供了指導，這將有助於有機光伏技術的發展。最後，我們比較了具有 AD-A´-DA 結構的合成小分子受體——其中 A、A´ 和 D 分

別代表端基、核心和 π 價橋單元—它們與有機光伏聚合物 PM6 形成二共混物元件。 增加核苝四羧酸二亞胺 (PDI) 單元的數量並將它們與噻吩並噻吩 (TT) 或二噻吩吡咯 (DTP) π 橋單元共軛增強了分子內電荷轉移 (ICT) 並增加了有效共軛，從而改善了光吸收和分子包裝。 hPDI-DTP-IC2F的吸收係數具有最高值（8 X 104 cm-1），因為它具有最大程度的 ICT，遠大於 PDI-TT-IC2F、hPDI-TT-IC2F和 PDI-DTP-IC2F。 PM6:hPDI-DTP-IC2F 器件提供了 11.6% 的最高功率轉換效率 (PCE)；該值是 PM6:PDI-DTP-

IC2F (4.8%) 設備的兩倍多。從一個 PDI 核心到兩個 PDI 核心案例的器件 PCE 的大幅增加可歸因於兩個 PDI 核心案例具有 (i) 更強的 ICT，(ii) 正面分子堆積，提供更高的和更平衡的載波遷移率和 (iii) 比單 PDI 情況下的能量損失更小。因此，越來越多的 PDI 單元與適當的髮色團共軛以增強小分子受體中的 ICT 可以成為提高有機光伏效率的有效方法