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Fundamentals of Biomedical Transport Processes

為了解決Viscosity table的問題，作者Miller, Gerald E. 這樣論述：

Transport processes represent important life-sustaining elements in all humans. These include mass transfer processes, including gas exchange in the lungs, transport across capillaries and alveoli, transport across the kidneys, and transport across cell membranes. These mass transfer processes affec

t how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in your bloodstream, how metabolic waste products are removed from your blood, how nutrients are transported to tissues, and how all cells function throughout the body. A discussion of kidney dialysis and gas exchange mechanisms is included. Another elem

ent in biomedical transport processes is that of momentum transport and fluid flow. This describes how blood is propelled from the heart and throughout the cardiovascular system, how blood elements affect the body, including gas exchange, infection control, clotting of blood, and blood flow resistan

ce, which affects cardiac work. A discussion of the measurement of the blood resistance to flow (viscosity), blood flow, and pressure is also included. A third element in transport processes in the human body is that of heat transfer, including heat transfer inside the body towards the periphery as

well as heat transfer from the body to the environment. A discussion of temperature measurements and body protection in extreme heat conditions is also included. Table of Contents: Biomedical Mass Transport / Biofluid Mechanics and Momentum Transport / Biomedical Heat Transport

Solid-State Shear Pulverization: A New Polymer Processing and Powder Technology

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為了解決Viscosity table的問題，作者Khait, Klementina/ Carr, Stephen H./ Mack, Martin H. 這樣論述：

From the PrefaceThis book is the first extended look at a new and multifaceted polymer processing technology that has already been discussed in numerous articles. Called Solid-State Shear Pulverization (S3P), this innovative process produces polymeric powders with unique physical properties not foun

d in the output of conventional size-reduction methods.... This technology, which utilizes a pulverizer based on a modified co-rotating twin-screw extruder..., has profound implications for both the creation of new polymer blends and recycling of plastic and rubber waste. Unlike earlier processes]

where polymers are melted prior to pulverization, ...pulverizing mixtures of polymers with the S3P process...does not involve melting. By contrast, S3P maintains polymers in the solid state and avoids the additional heat history that occurs during other processes], which can be detrimental to the p

hysical properties of pulverized materials. The research and development of the S3P technology...has grown significantly since 1990 from the development of a new plastics recycling process to a much broader polymer processing method that allows intimate mixing of polymers with very different viscosi

ties, sold-state dispersion of additives, including pigments, and continuous production of powder with unique shapes and larger surface areas. Polymeric powders are of growing importance to plastics processors due to the increase use of plastics in various applications, such as rotational molding, p

owder coatings, and compounding, which require powder as the feedstock. ... I]t has become clear that this process allows for in-situ compatibilization of dissimilar polymers by applying mechanical energy to cause chemical reactions. This aspect of S3P technology that we describe in this book should

be useful in] developing new polymer blends with the use of pre-made compatibilizing agents. In addition, it has been discovered that S3P efficiently mixes polymer blends with different component viscosities, resulting in the elimination of phase inversion. The S3P process directly produces blends

with matrix and dispersed phase morphology like those obtained after phase inversion during a long melt-mixing process. This phenomenon is of practical importance because a long processing time is required by conventional melt-mixing to produce a stable blend morphology. S3P is also advantageous fo

r producing thermoplastic or thermoset powder-coating compounds in a one-step process as opposed to a conventional multi-step operation that involves melt extrusion followed by batch grinding. The major capabilities of this new process can be summarized as follows: o Continuous powder production fro

m plastics or rubber feedstockso Blending of immiscible polymerso Efficient mixing of polymers with unmatched viscositieso Environmentally friendly recycling of multicolored, commingled plastics wasteo Sold-state dispersion of heat-sensitive additiveso Engineered plastic/rubber blends Materials and

processes well illustratedThe text is well illustrated with 60 photographs, micrographs, diagrams and others figures. Here is a small sampling of the captions of these figures. o Particle-size distribution for virgin LDPE powder made with PT-25 pulverizer o Optical photograph of virgin LDPE powder m

ade with PT-25 pulverizer o Layout for a three-stage rubber pulverizer o Flow chart for powder coating production by conventional process and with new S3P technology o SEM image of pulverized virgin PP at 40X (first in series of SEM images of polymer powders) o Optical micrograph of melt-crystallize

d thin films of unpulverized virgin PP under polarized light o Log of viscosity vs. log shear rate for virgin HDPE after S3P processing o Gel permeation chromatograms (GPC) of polystyrene subjected to S3P processing Color-photo sectionOne of the several functions of Solid-State Shear Pulverization t

echnology is recycling mixed plastic waste. This section of twenty full-color photographs and micrographs illustrates different processed materials, as well as the machinery and mixed waste used. Here is a small sampling of the photo and micrograph captions. o Resultant flake feedstock from granulat

ion o S3P-made uniform powder from feedstock o Flake feedstock of post-consumer HDPE/PP blend (90/10 ratio) o Injection-molded test bar (with translucence) made from S3P powder without pelletization o Injection-molded test bar made from S3P powder without pelletization showing uniform color o Severa

l test bars subjected to tensile testing showing exceptionally high elongation at break Useful reference data in tablesMore than 60 tables provide useful data in convenient form. Here is a small sampling of table captions. o Physical properties of virgin PP 8020 GU injection-molded from S3P-made pow

der (first in series of tables on physical properties of various plastics processed from S3P-made powder) o Sieve analysis of powder resulting from S3P of virgin LDPE 509.48 (one of series of tables on sieve analysis of polymer powders) o Melt-flow rate before and after S3P processing for virgin PS

and two PP samples o Key physical properties of injection-molded post-consumer polyolefin blends pulverized by S3P process The AuthorsKlementina Khait, M.S. Ch.E., Ph.D., is Research Associate Professor and Director of the Polymer Technology Center in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwes

tern University. Her industrial experience in polymer science and engineering includes work with Borg-Warner Chemicals and Quantum Chemical Corporation. She received her two advanced degrees, in chemical engineering and polymer chemistry, from the Technological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dr.

Khait holds several patents and has published more than 50 papers in scientific and technical journals.Stephen Carr, Ph.D., is Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering at Northwestern University.

橡膠粉改性溫拌瀝青的性能特點

為了解決Viscosity table的問題，作者拉利薩 這樣論述：

瀝青在製造和施工過程中被加熱，導致粘合劑揮發和氧化。高溫和長時間暴露在高溫下會導致瀝青老化。短期老化 (STA) 是由於製造溫度高而導致瀝青粘合劑通過揮發和氧化降解溫拌瀝青 (WMA) 技術是一種解決方案，並且由於其獨特的降低混合和壓實溫度的能力而在近年來日益受到重視不影響混音質量。此外，使用粒狀橡膠 (CR) 改質瀝青混合料可最大限度地減少開裂和車轍，從而提高路面使用壽命。因此，本研究檢測了含有 sasobit 瀝青添加劑的橡膠改質溫拌瀝青混凝土的短期老化。 Sasobit (3%) 和 60/70 的瀝青混合了不同的 CR 含量（0%、5%、10%、15%、20%）。檢查復合粘合劑的滲透

、軟化點和粘度。在兩種條件下製備和測試粒狀橡膠改質的WMA；未老化和短期老化。老化的瀝青混凝土混合物在 135°C 烘箱中保持 4 小時，然後使用SGC鏇轉壓實機壓實。對所有壓實試樣進行磨耗、馬歇爾穩定性、IDEAL-CT和車輪起痕試驗，並根據所得結果計算老化指數。隨著 CR 含量的增加，CR 改性的粘合劑滲透率降低，而軟化點和粘度增加。結果表明，添加溫拌助劑的粒狀橡膠瀝青可方便地用作瀝青混合料的改質劑，以提高瀝青混合料的性能。就馬歇爾穩定性和 IDEAL-CT 測試而言，建議使用 20% 的粒狀橡膠作為最佳 CR 含量，而 5% CR 在車輪追蹤方面表現出最佳性能，觀察到隨著老化指數的降低，

混合物之間的老化程度較小。