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國立雲林科技大學 電子工程系 周榮泉所指導 李坤澤的 以微流體架構研究氧化銅奈米粒子修飾可撓式陣列型非酵素電壓式與電流式氧化鉬抗壞血酸生醫感測器特性、等效電路之阻抗分析並結合類比讀出電路之量測與修正 (2021),提出pss 225/40r18關鍵因素是什麼,來自於非酵素抗壞血酸感測器、三氧化鉬(MoO3)薄膜、氧化銅奈米粒子(CuO NPs)、電壓式感測器、電流式感測器、微流體系統、校正讀出電路、低功耗儀表放大器。
而第二篇論文長庚大學 電子工程學系 賴朝松所指導 Mamina Sahoo的 基於石墨烯及生物碳基材料的可撓式電晶體應用與能量攫取 (2021),提出因為有 石墨烯、氟化石墨烯、太阳能电池、摩擦纳米发电机、生物碳、能量收集器的重點而找出了 pss 225/40r18的解答。
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以微流體架構研究氧化銅奈米粒子修飾可撓式陣列型非酵素電壓式與電流式氧化鉬抗壞血酸生醫感測器特性、等效電路之阻抗分析並結合類比讀出電路之量測與修正
為了解決pss 225/40r18 的問題,作者李坤澤 這樣論述:
本碩士論文是一種具有陣列型可撓式特色的非酵素式抗壞血酸感測器的研究,並可同時應用於電壓式及電流式的量測。於此項研究中使用網版印刷技術將導電銀膠印刷在苯二甲酸酯乙二酯(Polyethylene terephthalate, PET)基板上製備出基礎感測器,並使用射頻濺鍍系統(Radio frequency sputtering system, R. F. sputtering system)將三氧化鉬(Molybdenum trioxide, MoO3)薄膜沉積於工作電極。最後藉由綠色合成方法所製備之氧化銅奈米粒子(Copper oxide nanoparticles, CuO NPs)對薄膜
進行修飾。為了確認抗壞血酸感測器的感測特性,使用電壓-時間量測系統(Voltage-Time measurement system, V-T measurement system)和電化學分析儀(ECAS100)進行感測特性的分析。這些感測特性分別為平均感測度(Average sensitivity)、線性度(Linearity)、響應時間(Response time)、干擾效應(Interference effect)、溫度效應(Temperature effect)、重複性(Repeatability)、偵測極限(Limit of detection, LOD)、再現性(Reproduci
bility)、生命週期(Life time)、時漂效應(Drift effect)和遲滯效應(Hysteresis effect),並使用電化學阻抗頻譜(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,EIS)對抗壞血酸感測器進行電化學阻抗分析。抗壞血酸感測器亦搭配微流體系統,在動態條件下進行最佳感測性的分析。最後再配合校正讀出電路及低功耗儀表放大器,在非理想效應和穩定性的量測中進行改善。
基於石墨烯及生物碳基材料的可撓式電晶體應用與能量攫取
為了解決pss 225/40r18 的問題,作者Mamina Sahoo 這樣論述:
Table of ContentsAbstract.......................................................................................................iFigure Captions........................................................................................xiTable Captions...................................................
....................................xxiChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Flexible electronics................................................................................11.2 Graphene the magical material ………………………….……….......21.2.1 Synthesis of graphene…………………………….….…...21.2.1.1 Mechanical exfoliati
on of graphene………………...……21.2.1.2 Epitaxial growth on Sic substrate………………….…..31.2.1.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method………….…..41.2.2 Graphene transfer…………………………………………....41.3 Application of graphene based Electronics……………………….......51.3.1 Graphene based flexible transparent electrode
……………….61.3.2 Top gated Graphene field effect transistor…………………….71.4 Challenges of flexible graphene based field effect transistors.……….91.5 Energy harvesting devices for flexible electronics………….........….91.6 Solar cell…………………………………………………………...101.6.1 Device architecture…………………………………………101.
6.2 Issues and Challenges of Perovskite solar cells………...121.7 Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)………………………………121.7.1 Working mode of TENG………………………………….141.8 Applications of TENG………………………………………………151.8.1 Applications of graphene based TENG…………………....151.8.2 Applications of bio-waste material ba
sed TENG………….171.9 Key challenges of triboelectric nanogenerator…………………....…191.10 Objective and scope of this study………………………………....19Chapter 2: Flexible graphene field effect transistor with fluorinated graphene as gate dielectric2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………....212.2 Material preparation a
nd Device fabrication………………. 232.2.1CVD Growth of Graphene on Copper Foil………………….232.2.2 Transfer of graphene over PET substrate……………...........252.2.3 Fabrication of fluorinated graphene ……………...........252.2.4 F-GFETs with FG as gate dielectric device fabrication……262.2.5 Material and electrical C
haracterization …………………272.3 Results and discussion…………………………………………….282.3.1 Material characterization of PG and FG……………...…...….282.3.2 Electrical characterization of F-GFET with FG as dielectrics..332.3.3 Mechanical stability test of F-GFET with FG as dielectrics ….362.4 Summary…………………………………………………
………....40Chapter 3: Robust sandwiched fluorinated graphene for highly reliable flexible electronics3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….423.2 Material preparation and Device fabrication ………………….........443.2.1 CVD Growth of Graphene on Copper Foil…………………...443.2.2 Graphene fluorination …...…….…………
…………..............443.2.3 F-GFETs with sandwiched FG device fabrication....................443.2.4 Material and electrical Characterization…..............................453.3 Results and discussion ……………………………………...............453.3.1 Material characterization of sandwiched…………………….453.3.2 Electric
al characterization of F-GFET with sandwiched FG....473.3.3 Mechanical stability test of F-GFET with sandwiched FG…503.3.4 Strain transfer mechanism of sandwiched FG………………513.4 Summary…………………………………………………………....53Chapter 4: Functionalized fluorinated graphene as a novel hole transporting layer for ef
ficient inverted perovskite solar cells4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….544.2 Material preparation and Device fabrication......................................564.2.1 Materials ………………………...…………………………564.2.2 CVD-Graphene growth ……………………………...…...564.2.3 Graphene fluorination …………………………………….564.
2.4 Transfer of fluorinated graphene…………………………...574.2.5 Device fabrication …………………………………….….574.2.6 Material and electrical Characterization …….....................584.3 Results and discussion …………………………………………….594.3.1 Surface electronic and optical properties of FGr……….….594.3.2 Characterization o
f FGr and perovskite surface ……….…644.3.3 Electrical performance of PSC………………….…….…...694.3.4 Electrical performance of Flexible PSC……………………724.4 Summary…………………………………………………………...78Chapter 5: Flexible layered-graphene charge modulation for highly stable triboelectric nanogenerator5.1 Introduction…………
…………………………………………....795.2 Experimental Section……………………………………………….825.2.1 Large-area graphene growth ……………………………….825.2.2 Fabrication of Al2O3 as the CTL …………………………...825.2.3 Fabrication of a Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as the CTL………825.2.4 Material characterization and electrical measurements…….835.3 Results
and discussion.…………………………………...…………845.3.1 Material Characterization of Graphene Layers/Al2O3……845.3.2 Working Mechanism of Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as CTL…915.3.3 Electrical Characterization of Gr-TENG with Al2O3 CTL…945.3.4 Applications of the Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as CTL……….1015.4 Summary…………………………………………
……………….103Chapter 6: Eco-friendly Spent coffee ground bio-TENG for high performance flexible energy harvester6.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….......1046.2 Experimental Section…………………………………………….1086.2.1 Material Preparation …………………………………….1086.2.2 Fabrication of SCG powder based TENG………………...1086
.2.3 Fabrication of SCG thin-film based TENG ………………1096.2.4 Material characterization and electrical measurements….1106.3 Results and discussion.…………………………………...………1116.3.1 Material Characterization of SCG powder and thin film….1116.3.2 Working Mechanism of SCG-TENG……………………...1186.3.3 Electrical Cha
racterization of SCG-TENG……………….1226.3.4 Applications of the SCG thin-film based TENG………….1326.4 Summary………………………………………………………….134Chapter 7: Conclusions and future perspectives7.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………....1357.2 Future work …………………………….………………………….1377.2.1 Overview of flexible fluorinated g
raphene TENG..............1377.2.1.1 Initial results………………………………….…1387.2.2.1.1 Fabrication of FG-TENG………………1387.2.2.1.2 Working principle of FG-TENG……….1397.2.2.1.3 Electrical output of FG-TENG.………...140References…………………………………………………………….142Appendix A: List of publications………………….……………..........177A
ppendix B: Fabrication process of GFETs with fluorinated graphene (FG) as gate dielectric……........……………………………………….179Appendix C: Fabrication process of GFETs with sandwiched FG…....180Appendix D: Fabrication process of inverted perovskite solar cell with FGr as HTL…………………………………………………………….181Appendi
x E: Fabrication of a Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as the CTL…….182Appendix F: Fabrication of SCG based triboelectric nanogenerator….183Figure captionsFigure 1-1 Exfoliated graphene on SiO2/Si wafer……………………….3Figure 1-2 Epitaxial graphene growth on SiC substrate………………....3Figure 1-3 Growth mechanism of graphe
ne on Cu foil by CVD ……......4Figure 1-4 Wet transfer process of CVD grown graphene…………...….5Figure 1-5 RGO/PET based electrodes as a flexible touch screen.……....6Figure 1-6 Graphene based (a) touch panel (b) touch-screen phone…….7Figure 1-7 Flexible graphene transistors (a) (Top) Optical photograph
of an array of flexible, self-aligned GFETs on PET. (Bottom) The corresponding schematic shows a device layout. (b) Schematic cross-sectional and top views of top-gated graphene flake–based gigahertz transistors. (Left) AFM image of a graphene flake. (Right) Photograph of flexible graphene devices
fabricated on a PI substrate. (c) Cross-sectional schematic of flexible GFETs fabricated using a self-aligned process……8Figure 1-8 The magnitude of power needed for meet certain operation depending critically on the scale and applications………………………10Figure 1-9 Schematic diagrams of PSC in the (a) n-i
-p mesoscopic, (b) n-i-p planar, (c) p-i-n planar, and (d) p-i-n mesoscopic structures………...12Figure 1-10 Schematic illustration of the first TENG...………………...13Figure 1-11 Working modes of the TENG. (a) The vertical contact-separation mode. (b) The lateral sliding mode. (c) The single-electrode mode
. (d) The free-standing mode ………………………………...……14Figure 1-12 Schematic illustration of (a) device fabrication of graphene-based TENGs (b) graphene/EVA/PET-based triboelectric nanogenerators (c) device fabrication of stretchable CG based TENG with electrical output performance……………………………………………………...17
Figure 1-13 Schematic illustration and output performance of bio-waste material based TENG (a) Rice-husk (b) Tea leaves (c) Sun flower powder (SFP) (d) Wheat stalk based TENG………….…………………………18Figure 2-1 Graphene synthesis by LPCVD method……….…………...24Figure 2-2 Schematic diagram of (a) preparation pro
cess of 1L-FG/copper foil (b) Layer by layer assembly method was used for fabricating three-layer graphene over copper foil and then CF4 plasma treatment from top side to form 3L-FG/copper foil…………………….26Figure 2-3 Schematic illustration of fabrication process of F-GFET with FG as gate dielectric ……
……………………………………………….27Figure 2-4 (a) Raman spectra of PG, 1L-FG and 3L-FG after 30 min of CF4 plasma treatment over copper foil. (b) Peak intensities ratio ID/IG and optical transmittance of PG, 1L-FG and 3L-FG. Inset: image of PG and 1L-FG film over PET substrate. (c) Typical Raman spectra of PG, 1L
-FG and 3L-FG on PET substrate. (d) Optical transmittance of PG, 1L-FG and 3L-FG film over PET substrate. The inset shows the optical image of GFETs with FG as gate dielectrics on PET ……….…………30Figure 2-5 XPS analysis result of (a) PG (b) 1L-FG (c) 3L-FG where the C1s core level and several carbon f
luorine components are labeled. The inset shows the fluorine peak (F 1s) at 688.5 eV……………………….32Figure 2-6 (a) Water contact angle of PG, 1L-FG and 3L-FG over PET substrate. (b) The relationship between water contact angle of PG, 1L-FG and 3L-FG and surface-roughness………………………………………33Figure 2-7 (a) I
d vs. Vd of w/o-FG, w/1L-FG and w/3L-FG samples after 30 min of CF4 plasma (b) Id vs. Vg of w/o-FG, w/1L-FG and w/3L-FG samples at a fixed value of drain to source voltage, Vds of 0.5 V (c) Gate capacitance of w/o-FG, w/1L-FG and w/3L-FG samples (d) Gate leakage current of w/o-FG (naturally formed A
l2OX as gate dielectric), w/1L-FG and w/3L-FG samples ……………………………...…………...……...34Figure 2-8 (a) Schematic illustration of bending measurement setup at different bending radius. (i) Device measurement at (i) flat condition (ii) bending radius of 10 mm (iii) 8 mm (iv) 6 mm. Inset shows the photograph
of measurement setup. Change in (b) carrier mobility (c) ION of w/o-FG, w/1L-FG and w/3L-FG samples as a function of bending radius. The symbol ∞ represents the flat condition. Change in (d) carrier mobility (e) ION of w/o-FG, w/1L-FG and w/3L-FG samples as a function of bending cycles (Strain = 1.
56%)…………………………………….38Figure 3-1 Schematic illustration of the flexible top gate graphene field effect transistor with sandwich fluorinated graphene (FG as gate dielectric and substrate passivation layer) ……………………………...…………44Figure 3-2 Raman spectra of (a) PG/PET and PG/FG/PET substrate (b) sandwiche
d FG (FG/PG/FG/PET). Inset showing the optical transmittance of sandwiched FG. (c) HRTEM image for 1L-FG.……………….….…46Figure 3-3 (a) Id vs. Vd of FG/PG/FG device at variable vg (−2 to 2 V). (b) Id vs. Vg of FG/PG/FG. (c) Gate capacitance of FG/PG/FG ….…….48Figure 3-4 Raman spectra of devices under be
nding (a) PG/PET (Inset shows the 2D peak) (b) PG/FG/PET (inset shows the 2D peak) …….…49Figure 3-5 (a) Change in Mobility (b) change in ION of PG/PET and PG/FG/PET as a function of bending radius between bending radii of ∞ to 1.6 mm in tensile mode (c) Change in Mobility (d) Change in ION of PG/PET
and PG/FG/PET as a function of bending cycles. Inset of (c) shows the photograph of F-GFETs with sandwich FG on the PET substrate (e) change in resistance of w/1L-FG, 1L-FG/PG/1L-FG samples as a function of bending radius ………………………...……………….50Figure 3-6 Schematic evolution of proposed strain transf
er mechanism through PG/PET and PG/FG/PET. The inset of PG/PET sample shows the generation of sliding charge due to interfacial sliding between PG and PET ………………………………………………………………….….52Figure 4-1 FGr fabrication and transfer process …………….………....57Figure 4-2 (a) Raman analysis of pristine graphene a
nd the FGr samples after 5, 10, 20, and 30 min of CF4 plasma treatment over Cu foil (b) Raman intensity ratios (I2D/IG and ID/IG) of fluorinated graphene, with respect to the exposure time ……………………………………………60Figure 4-3 SEM images of (a) ITO, (b) ITO/1L-FGr, (c) ITO/2L-FGr, and (d) ITO/3L-FGr …………………
………………………………….61Figure 4-4 XPS analysis of FGr with (a) 5 min (b) 10 min and (c) 20 min of CF4 plasma treatment on the Cu foil (d) The fluorine peak (F1s) of FGr (f) The correlation of the carbon-to-fluorine fraction (C/F) with exposure time and the corresponding carrier concentrations …………….………62Fi
gure 4-5 Tauc plots and UV–Vis absorption spectra of FGr films with CF4 plasma treatment for (a) 5, (b) 10, and (c) 20 min ….………......….63Figure 4-6 WCAs on PEDOT: PSS and 1L, 2L, and 3L FGr samples ...64Figure 4-7 (a) Mechanism of large grain growth of perovskite on a non-wetting surface (b) Top-vi
ew and cross-sectional surface morphologies of perovskites on various HTLs ………………………………...…………65Figure 4-8 XRD of perovskite films on various HTL substrates ….…...66Figure 4-9 UPS spectra of various numbers of FGr layers on ITO: (a) cut-off and (b) valance band spectra …………………………………….….67Figure 4-10
Energy band diagrams of PSCs with (a) PEDOT: PSS, (b) 1L-FGr, (c) 2L-FGr, and (d) 3L-FGr as HTL …………………….…….68Figure 4-11 (a) Steady state PL spectra of PEDOT: PSS/perovskite and FGr/perovskite films. (b) TRPL spectral decay of PEDOT: PSS/perovskite and FGr/perovskite films………………………….……69Figure 4-1
2 (a) Schematic representation of a PSC having an inverted device configuration. (b) Cross-sectional HRTEM image of the ITO/ FGr–perovskite interface………………………………………...………70Figure 4-13 Photovoltaic parameters of PSCs incorporating various HTL substrates: (a) PCE (%), (b) Voc (V), (c) Jsc (mA/cm2), an
d (d) FF (%)....71Figure 4-14 Normalized PCEs of target and control PSCs incorporating various HTL substrates, measured in a N2-filled glove box. (a) Thermal stability at 60 °C (b) Light soaking effect under 1 Sun (c) Stability after several days …………………………………………………………….72Figure 4-15 (a) Schematic r
epresentation of the structure of a flexible PSC on a PET substrate (b) J–V curves of control and target flexible PSCs, measured under both forward and reverse biases. (c) Average PCE of flexible PSCs incorporating PEDOT: PSS and FGr HTLs……….…73Figure 4-16 (a) Normalized averaged PCEs of the flexibl
e PSCs after bending for 10 cycles at various bending radii. (b) Normalized averaged PCEs of the flexible PSCs plotted with respect to the number of bending cycles at a radius of 6 mm ………………………………………………75Figure 4-17 Photovoltaics parameters of flexible PSCs with various HTL substrates: (a) JSC (mA/c
m2), (b) Voc (V), and (c) FF (%) ……………....75Figure 4-18 XRD patterns of perovskite films on PET/ITO/FGr, recorded before and after bending 500 times …………………………………….76Figure 4-19 SEM images of (a) perovskite films/FGr/ITO/PET before bending (b) after bending 500 times (c) perovskite films/PEDOT: PSS/
ITO/PET before bending (d) after bending 500 times ……………….…77Figure 4-20 PL spectra of perovskite films on PET/ITO/FGr, recorded before and after various bending cycles …………………………….…78Figure 5-1 Schematic illustration showing the fabrication process of a flexible Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as the CTL ……………
………………...83Figure 5-2 The Raman spectra of (a) graphene/Al-foil/PET and (b) graphene/Al2O3/Al-foil/PET. The I2D/IG of graphene layers (1L, 3L and 5L) over (c) Al-foil/PET substrate (d) Al2O3/Al-foil/PET substrate …...85Figure 5-3 XRD patterns of (a) graphene/Al-foil/PET and (b) graphene/Al2O3/Al-foi
l/PET ……………………………………………86Figure 5-4 FESEM image of the graphene surface on (a) Al-foil/PET and (b) Al2O3/Al-foil/PET. EDS analysis of (c) graphene/Al-foil/PET and (d) graphene/Al2O3/Al-foil/PET (e) EDS elemental mapping of the graphene/Al2O3/Al-foil/PET presenting C K series, O K series and Al K ser
ies …………………………………………………………….………87Figure 5-5 3D AFM images of (a) 1L-Gr (b) 3L-Gr (c) 5L-Gr on Al foil (d) 1L-Gr (e) 3L-Gr (f) 5L-Gr on Al2O3/Al foil………………….….….89Figure 5-6 Work function of graphene layers on the (a) Al-foil (b) Al2O3/Al-foil substrate by KPFM. Inset showing the surface potential of
graphene layers (1L, 3L and 5L) over Al-foil and Al2O3 substrate (c) energy band diagrams for 1L-Gr, 3L-Gr and 5L-Gr over Al2O3 ……....90Figure 5-7 Schematic illustration of Electronic energy levels of graphene samples and AFM tip without and with electrical contact for three cases: (i) tip and the
1L-Gr (ii) tip and the 3L-Gr and (iii) tip and the 5L-Gr over Al2O3/Al foil/PET……………………………………….…...…………91Figure 5-8 Working mechanism of Gr-TENG with Al2O3 ….….…...…93Figure 5-9 a) ISC and (b) VOC of 1L-, 3L- and 5L-Gr-TENGs without Al2O3 CTL (c) Sheet resistance of graphene as a function of number
of layers ………………………………...…...…………………………….95Figure 5-10 Electrical output of the Gr-TENG with Al2O3 CTL: (a) ISC and (b) VOC of 1L-, 3L- and 5L-Gr. Magnification of the (c) ISC and (d) VOC of the 3L-Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as the CTL. Average mean (e) ISC and (f) VOC generated by pristine Gr-TENGs (1L, 3L
and 5L) and Gr-TENGs (1L, 3L and 5L) with Al2O3 CTL. Error bars indicate standard deviations for 4 sets of data points ……………...…………….….…......96Figure 5-11 (a) CV of Al/Al2O3/3L-Gr/Al at 100 kHz and 1 MHz (b) CV hysteresis of 3L-Gr-TENG with Al2O3 as CTL with different sweeping voltages (c) Surface
charge density of graphene (1L, 3L and 5L)-based TENG with and without Al2O3 as CTL ………………………………...98Figure 5-12 Circuit diagram of output (a) VOC and (b) ISC measurement of 3L-Gr TENG with Al2O3 CTL as a function of different resistors as external loads. Variation in VOC and ISC w.r.t different re
sistors as external loads of (c) 3L-Gr TENG with Al2O3 CTL (d) 3L-Gr TENG without Al2O3 CTL. Relationship between electrical output power and external loading resistance (e) 3L-Gr TENG with Al2O3 CTL (f) 3L-Gr TENG without Al2O3 CTL…………………………………….………………...99Figure 5-13 (a)Electrical stability and du
rability of the 3L-Gr TENG with Al2O3 (b) Schematic illustrations showing the charge-trapping mechanism of 3L-Gr-TENG without and with Al2O3 charge trapping layer ………101Figure 5-14 (a) Photograph showing 20 LEDs being powered (b) Circuit diagram of bridge rectifier (c) Charging curves of capacitors
with various capacitances (d) Photograph of powering a timer …….………………102Figure 6-1 The schematic diagram of the fabrication process for SCG powder based TENG ……………………………………………….….108Figure 6-2 The schematic diagram of the fabrication process for SCG thin-film based TENG via thermal evaporation meth
od ………………109Figure 6-3 FESEM image of (a) SCG powder (inset image illustrates the high magnification of SCG powder) (b) SCG thin-film/Al foil/PET (inset image illustrates the high magnification of SCG thin-film). EDS of the (c) SCG powder (d) SCG thin-film/Al foil/PET…………………………. 112Figure 6-4 Raman
spectra analysis (a) pristine SCG powder (b) SCG thin-film/Al foil/PET. XRD patterns of (c) SCG powder (d) SCG thin film with different thickness ……………………………………… ……….115Figure 6-5 FTIR analysis of the (a) pristine SCG powder sample (b) SCG thin film………………………………………………………………...116Figure 6-6 3D AFM ima
ge of SCG thin-film with various thickness (a) 50 nm (b)100 nm and (c) 200 nm……………………………………...117Figure 6-7 Schematic illustration of working principle of SCG thin-film based TENG …………………………………………………………...119Figure 6-8 Finite element simulation of the generated voltage difference for SCG thin-film b
ased TENG based on the contact and separation between SCG thin film and PTFE …………….……………………….120Figure 6-9 (a) The setup for electrical property testing, which including a Keithley 6514 system electrometer and linear motor. Electrical output (b) ISC (c) VOC of TENGs based on different friction pairs
for checking the triboelectric polarity of SCG…………………………………………...123Figure 6-10 Electrical measurement of (a) ISC and (b) VOC of the SCG thin-film based TENG. Mean value of (d) ISC (e) VOC and (f) Output power density of the pristine SCG powder and thermal deposited SCG thin-film based TENG. ...………
………………………………………125Figure 6-11 (a) Schematic illustration of KPFM for measuring the work function. (b) Surface potential images of SCG thin film with various thickness (50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm). (c) Surface potential and (d) Work function vs SCG thin film with various thickness (50 nm, 100 nm and 20
0 nm).………….……………………………………………….128Figure 6-12 (a) Isc and (b) Voc of SCG thin film based TENG under different contact frequencies (c) Isc and (d) Voc of SCG thin film based TENG under different separation distance…………………………….129Figure 6-13 Electrical response (a) ISC (b) VOC of pristine SCG powder an
d (c) ISC (d) VOC of SCG thin-film based TENG with respect to different relative humidity (35-85% RH) …………………………….131Figure 6-14 Electrical stability and durability test of the output performance of (a) pristine SCG powder based TENG (b) SCG thin-film based TENG……………………………………………………………132Figure 6-15
Applications of the SCG thin film based TENG as a power supply: (a) Circuit diagram of the bridge-rectifier for charging a capacitor (b) Charging curves of capacitors with various capacitances (0.1, 2.2 and 3.3 µF) (c) Photograph of powering a timer…………………...………133Figure 7-1 Schematic illustration o
f FG based TENG…….….……….139Figure 7-2 Working mechanism of FG based TENG…………………140Figure 7-3 Electrical output of FG-TENG: (a) Isc and (b) Voc …….….141Table captionsTable 2-1 Comparison of flexible G-FETs on/off ratio of our work with other’s work…………………………………………………...………...40Table 3-1 Summary of th
e electrical and mechanical performance of flexible w/o-FG, w/ 1L-FG, w/3L-FG and sandwich FG (FG/PG/FG) samples......................................................................................................52Table 3.2: Comparison of the electrical and mechanical performance of sandwich FG ba
sed F-GFET with previous F-GFET with different gate dielectrics……………………………………………………….………53Table 4-1 Best photovoltaic performance from control and target devices prepared on rigid and flexible substrates……………………………......74Table 5-1 EDS elemental analysis of graphene over Al-foil/PET and Al2O3/Al-foi
l/PET ………………………………………………………88Table 5-2 Comparison of electrical output performance of Gr-TENGs with and without Al2O3 CTL samples used in this study………………103Table 6-1 EDS elemental analysis of SCG-Powder and SCG thin film /Al foil/PET………………………………………………………………...113Table 6-2 Comparison of electrical o
utput performance of SCG-TENGs samples used in this study……………………………………………...126
想知道pss 225/40r18更多一定要看下面主題
pss 225/40r18的網路口碑排行榜
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#1.カラー 235/40R18 タイヤホイールセット サマータイヤ ...
激安タイヤ通販AUTOWAY(オートウェイ)の商品に関するページです。:wh01195-nk00206:235/40R18 タイヤホイールセット サマータイヤ NANKANG ナンカン ... 於 www.quitosaludable.gob.ec -
#2.Option改裝車訊2021/2月號(NO.264): ★特別企劃-愛車年前總整理!
BEARS BROOKER ca ERRER RENCERE SERRURIER ER TERRARI RENART Menu SERIER KARRIERE RESURSERER PILOT SUPER SPORT MICHELIN 225/40 ZR ... Michelin PSS 225-40R18 x417. 於 books.google.com.tw -
#3.「請問」米其林PSS 225/40/R18 有比較建議的胎壓嗎?
我的W204 C250 前後配米其林PSS,前225-40-18,後255/35/18 所有輪胎行都建議打36-38PSI 但是都彈到受不了看了原廠建議最低胎壓前30,後33 於 www.mobile01.com -
#4.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 ZR18 92Y XL - ReifenDirekt
Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 ZR18 92Y XL * online günstig kaufen, ab 2 Reifen versandkostenfrei und schnell geliefert von ReifenDirekt.de - jetzt ... 於 www.reifendirekt.de -
#5.全新MICHELIN PSS 225/40/18單條$7999完工價!
正法國製MADE IN FRANCE 全新MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT PSS 頂級性能街胎 225/40/18終於再次到貨!單條$7,999完工價! 全國最低價!數量有限請把握! 於 www.bmwcct.com.tw -
#6.由我發光,固特異胎王F1A3」長期駕駛心得- U-CAR討論區
MICHELIN 米其林Pilot Super Sport PSS 225/40R18 法國或美國製6000元 雖然還沒有試過米其林今年推出新一代的PS4 但以台灣坊間完工價來說,米其林PS4 ... 於 m.u-car.com.tw -
#7.【ポリカーボ】 アズワン(AS ONE) 真空乾燥器(V-CRシリーズ ...
【がある】 225/45R18 18インチ WEDS ノヴァリス ローグ CB 7J 7.00-18 NITTO NT555 G2 サマータイヤ ホイール4 ... 2020年製 PSS 275/40R18 (99Y) Pilot Super Spor. 於 www.rguama.icrt.cu -
#8.Michelin Pilot Super Sport Summer 225/40ZR18 88Y Tire
Arrives by Tue, Aug 8 Buy Michelin Pilot Super Sport Summer 225/40ZR18 88Y Tire at Walmart.com. 於 www.walmart.com -
#9.Pilot Super Sport 225/40ZR18 - MICHELIN - みんカラ
Pilot Super Sport Pilot Super Sport 225 /40ZR18(MICHELIN)の価格や口コミ、評判なら日本最大級の自動車SNS「みんカラ」へ!クルマ好きのみんカラユーザーの人気カー ... 於 minkara.carview.co.jp -
#10.米仔PSS 225/40R18
14年49週生產; 現貨一套!! 包安裝!! $1480/pc 詳情查詢: 2346 1113. 於 m.facebook.com -
#11.小任輪胎米其林PSS 225/40/18/特價/完工/限量優惠/免費調胎 ...
輪胎品牌:米其林Michelin 花紋:PILOT SUPER SPORT (PSS) 規格:225/40/18 年份:皆為一年內新胎 PSS特點 1. 極限條件下,維持輪胎的穩定安全性能2.在乾地上展現非凡的輪胎 ... 於 shopee.tw -
#12.Michelin Pilot Super Sport - Tyre Reviews and Tests
I'm running the same HN-spec 225/40 R18 PSS as the guy who reviewed the PSS on May 24, 2018 on a similar car (MQB platform, but GTI Performance instead of a ... 於 www.tyrereviews.com -
#13.255/40R18 賣場 - 台中輪胎館
【台中輪胎館】米其林PILOT SUPER SPORT PSS 255/40/18 完工價7100元免工資. $7,100. 台中輪胎館MICHELIN 米其林PILOT SPORT PS5 255/40/18 完工價8000元(含工資). 於 www.ttshop.com.tw -
#14.【包安装】米其林汽车轮胎Pilot Super Sport PSS系列运动操控 ...
京东JD.COM是国内专业的网上购物商城,为您提供【包安装】米其林汽车轮胎Pilot Super Sport PSS系列运动操控型225/40R18 92Y ZR 带星* 宝马Mi价格、图片、品牌、评论、 ... 於 item.jd.com -
#15.米其林Pss 225 40 18的價格推薦- 2023年8月| 比價比個夠BigGo
米其林pss 225 40 18價格推薦共197筆商品。還有米其林輪胎ps4s 225 40 18、米其林ps5輪胎225 40 18、米其林ps4輪胎225 40 18、米其林ps4 235 40 18、米其林輪胎ps4s ... 於 biggo.com.tw -
#16.Michelin Pilot Super Sport - 225/40ZR18/XL 92Y Tire
Buy Michelin Pilot Super Sport - 225/40ZR18/XL 92Y Tire : Michelin at SamsClub.com. 於 www.samsclub.com -
#17.WTB, Michelin PSS, 225,40 r18 - 2Addicts | BMW 2-Series forum
WTB, Michelin PSS, 225,40 r18 Wheels and Tires Items. 於 www.2addicts.com -
#18.米其林pss 225 40-18 - 人氣推薦- 2023年8月| 露天市集
【好康免運】225韓國新款小胸鋼託聚攏泳衣女比基尼三件套高腰長袖顯瘦防曬水. 2,186. 運費券 折扣碼. 7月. 【免運】Michelin 米其林公司貨數位胎壓胎紋計12293 輕巧. 於 www.ruten.com.tw -
#19.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225 40ZR18 | MIC49739
Buy Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225 40ZR18 tires starting at $1064.48 at Fitment Industries. The 225 40ZR18 Pilot Super Sport Performance tire tread depth is ... 於 www.fitmentindustries.com -
#20.Bmw 140i acceleration. 577 kms. BMW M140i ...
... Motech 20/25 springs, Motech 12/15 spacers, LSD, Michelin PSS. ... xDrive has what it takes to schoo Lauch Control Start mit 225/40R18 Winterreifen bei ... 於 raicesyucataninmobiliaria.com -
#21.米其林輪胎PSS 225/40/18 - 比價撿便宜- 優惠與推薦- 2023年7月
【Michelin 米其林】Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_二入組_225/40/18(車麗屋). 10,068. 歷史價格. 免運. 滿1件享95折. Momo富邦購物Icon. Momo富邦購物. 於 www.lbj.tw -
#22.Sommerreifen Michelin Pilot Super Sport* 225/40 ZR18 88Y
BMW Sternmarkierung, Ja. BMW Reifenversicherung, Ja (nur in Deutschland gültig). EU Reifenlabel. BMW Reifen chelin Pilot Super Sport 225 40 R18 88Y. 於 www.leebmann24.de -
#23.求225/40/r18介紹(頁1) - 汽車維修及改裝討論
但事實上, PSS 是取代PS4 S 是正式的公佈。 "Michelin Pilot Sport 4 S - Launch and First Drive Update: Find our review of the ne ... [/quote] 我無 ... 於 www.discuss.com.hk -
#24.225/40R18 LOMI 92Y PSS - IC24.LV
MICHELIN 225/40R18 LOMI 92Y PSS - Pilot Super Sport, MICHELIN, Vasaras, Vieglo automobiļu riepa, XL, HN, 604586, apzīmējums: No 01.05.2021: degvielas ... 於 www.ic24.lv -
#25.【います】 ヤフオク! - バリ山即決アリ ミシュラン PSS 225 ...
商品説明. 【品名】 ミシュランPSS 225/40R18 【数量】 2本 【商品状態】 パンク修理ナシ傷ナシかなりバリ山 ... 於 luckystash.com -
#26.MICHELIN Pilot Sport 4 S - Car Tire
Introducing the MICHELIN® Pilot Sport 4 S Car tires. Designed for long lasting performance, explore the features and advantages of the MICHELIN Pilot Sport ... 於 www.michelinman.com -
#27.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 92Y* ab 116,41 - Idealo
Bereits ab 116,41 € ✓ Große Shopvielfalt ✓ Testberichte & Meinungen ✓ | Jetzt Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 92Y* günstig kaufen bei idealo.de. 於 www.idealo.de -
#28.A3 Sportback - Audi.de
CO₂-Emissionen{}: 132 g/km. Farbe ändern. Navarrablau Metallic. Felgen ändern. Räder, 5-V-Speichen, glanzgedreht, 8,0Jx18, Reifen 225/40 R18. 於 www.audi.de -
#29.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 Y tyres | Blackcircles.com
Buy Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 tyres online at Blackcircles & and have them fitted at one of over 2000 fitting centres. Tyre ID:31464147. 於 www.blackcircles.com -
#30.Pneu Michelin PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40R18 92 Y * XL
Leader de la vente de pneus pas chers en ligne, retrouvez avec Allopneus le pneu Michelin PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40R18 92 Y. Montage en centre ou à domicile ... 於 www.allopneus.com -
#31.米其林PSS 225-40-18 | 驊慶輪胎
規格, 225-40-18. 品牌花紋, 米其林PSS. 庫存尚有4 顆. 建議售價 $. Copyright © 2021, SI Wheels 驊慶輪胎all rights reserved. 於 www.si-power.com.tw -
#32.街胎之王米其林Michelin PSS (Pilot Super Sport)(輪胎推薦)
在去年初(2015 2月)換了這四條米其林Michelin Pilot Super Sport (PSS) (<-可以看當時剛. ... Size: 225/40/18 (92Y) (沒有前後配). 於 peace543.pixnet.net -
#33.Michelin Pilot Super Sport | Discount Tire
Shop for Michelin Pilot Super SportThe Michelin Pilot Super Sport tire is derived from sophisticated racing technology ... Shop Michelin - 225/40 R18 TIRES ... 於 www.discounttire.com -
#34.Michelin米其林Pilot Super Sport (PSS) - 同成輪胎有限公司
215/40R18 89Y, 10,100. 225/40R18 92Y, 8,000. 235/40R18 95Y, 9,350. 245/40R18 97Y, 8,650. 255/40R18 99Y, 11,700. 265/40R18 101Y, 13,150. 於 www.tc5123.com.tw -
#35.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 88Y * | Autokšeft
Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 88Y * ; Kód: MCH 453577 ; Cena s DPH: 3 279,- ; Doprava: 119,- (nad 5 000,- ZDARMA) ; Doručíme: ve středu 19. 4. 2023 ; Osobní ... 於 www.autokseft.cz -
#36.米其林Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_二入組 - 東森購物
米其林Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_二入組_225/40/18(車麗屋). ◎ 分期零利率,含專業安裝. ◎ 全新正品,價格比原廠更便宜. ◎ 線上購買,全 ... 於 www.etmall.com.tw -
#37.Pneu MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40 R18 92 Y ...
Pneu MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40 R18 92 Y Renforcé (XL) HN ; Référence · 2146336 ; Made in France. 123,90 € / pneu ; Retrait en centre. À partir du 8 août ; À ... 於 www.norauto.fr -
#38.Michelin™ Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 92Y XL * zomerband
Goedkope Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 92Y XL * zomerbanden ☆ Tot wel 50% KORTING bij BandenConcurrent! ✓Laagsteprijsgarantie ✓Supersnelle ... 於 www.bandenconcurrent.nl -
#39.MICHELIN Pilot Super Sport Performance Radial Tire-225 ...
Buy MICHELIN Pilot Super Sport Performance Radial Tire-225/40ZR18/XL 92Y: Performance - Amazon.com ✓ FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases. 於 www.amazon.com -
#40.MICHELIN Pilot Super Sport是專為超級跑車和高性能改裝車而 ...
專為持久性能而設計,探索MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT 輪胎產品的特性和優勢! ✓ 自1889 年以來的輪胎 ... MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40ZR18 92Y HN. 尺寸規格. 於 www.michelin.com.hk -
#41.米其林pss 225-40-18 - FindPrice 價格網2023年8月精選購物推薦
米其林pss 225-40-18的推薦商品價格,還有更多米其林Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎四入組225/40/18 廠商直送相關商品比價,輕鬆購物,FindPrice 價格網讓你快速 ... 於 www.findprice.com.tw -
#42.Michelin PILOT SUPER SPORT - BJ's Tire Center
Tire Size, 225/40ZR18. Load Rating, 88, 1235 lbs (560 kg) per tire. Speed Rating, Y, 186 mph (300 kph). Sidewall, BSW. Load Capacity, 1235, pounds (lbs). 於 tires.bjs.com -
#43.【Michelin 米其林】Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_四入組
【Michelin 米其林】Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_四入組_225/40/18(車麗屋) ; 21,656元 · 22,796. 市售價. 31,794 · Michelin 米其林追蹤 · 信用卡; /無卡分期; /行動 ... 於 m.momoshop.com.tw -
#44.米其林pss 225 40 18的價格推薦- 飛比有更多車用配件/耗材商品
商品規格: Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_四入組_225/40/18 特色: 極致的抓地力與操控性能極限過彎下的超強輪胎耐磨性此商品由「廠商直送」,預計訂單完成付款後3個 ... 於 feebee.com.tw -
#45.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225 40 R18 Tyres - Tyres-online.ae
Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225 40 R18 Tyres starting from 133.4 AED ✓ Find cool offers for 49178 Tyres and save your money with Tyres-online.ae. 於 www.tyres-online.ae -
#46.225/40R18 92Y XL - Pilot Super Sport - Asda Tyres
Buy 225/40R18 size Michelin Pilot Super Sport 92Y XL BM tyres at low prices online. Book quick and easy fitting, or mail order just the tyre. 於 www.asdatyres.co.uk -
#47.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 92Y * XL Θερινό ...
Βρες τιμές για το προϊόν Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40 R18 92Y * XL Θερινό Λάστιχο για Επιβατικό Αυτοκίνητο από 7 καταστήματα. 於 www.skroutz.gr -
#48.米其林225/40 18吋PILOT SUPER SPORT 輪胎| Costco 好市多
米其林225/40 18吋PILOT SUPER SPORT 輪胎. Michelin 225/40 R18 PILOT SUPER SPORT Tire. 於 www.costco.com.tw -
#49.Option改裝車訊2016/5月號NO.208(PDF) - 第 151 頁 - Google 圖書結果
100-200km/h : 9 sec ○米其林PSS 225/40R18 ○米其林PSS 245/35R18輪胎這次所有受測產品中,JB4是唯一可透過原車按鍵控制外掛電腦的產品,部分車種還可切換段數。 於 books.google.com.tw -
#50.PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40R18 * – 巨洋汽車x 胎哥車庫x ...
PILOT SUPER SPORT 225 /40R18 *. NT$6,150. 賣場標價為每顆輪胎現金價,含裝/ 含平衡/ 含前束調整/ 含後續每萬調胎。每次調胎,放前輪的會做平衡,[一次安裝四條,現時 ... 於 tiretintin.tw -
#51.Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40R18 Tyres
Brand new Michelin Pilot Super Sport 225/40R18 tyres fully fitted locally, 7 days a week. We have the biggest range of tyres in stock at the lowest tyre ... 於 www.tempetyres.com.au -
#52.永信輪胎BMW 330i安裝WORK + PSS-225/40R18 - jano{戰略店}
永信輪胎BMW 330i安裝WORK + PSS-225/40R18 台北市杭州南路一段73號一樓TEL:02-23515153**店內地圖** 營業時間: 週一至週五AM 0. 於 jano02.pixnet.net -
#53.Pilot Super Sport 225/40ZR18 92Y XL のオークション検索結果
MICHELIN Pilot Super Sport 225/40ZR18 92Y XL ☆のネットオークション。価格.comの製品レビューやクチコミを参考に、安くて良い製品を探してみてください! 於 kakaku.com -
#54.Opony letnie MICHELIN Pilot Super Sport 225/40R18 92Y XL ...
MICHELIN Pilot Super Sport 225/40R18 92Y XL HN - w ofercie sklepu internetowego Sklep Inter Cars. Dane techniczne, opinie. Sprawdź naszą ofertę! 於 intercars.pl -
#55.[心得] Toyota 86 / 米其林PSS 胎壓調整心得- 看板car
推panic2012 : 我的原廠動力時用PS4 225/40R18胎壓34,改turbo後用 12/23 02:32. → panic2012 : PSS 245/35R18胎壓36,前後同一組框Rays ZE40 18 8 ... 於 www.ptt.cc -
#56.百世霸專業定位米其林pss 225/40/18 輪胎4700/完工價ps5 f1ss ...
百世霸專業定位米其林pss 225/40/18 輪胎4700/完工價ps5 f1ss BMW VW AUDI benz volvo. 26. 直購. 定價. $4,700. 於 tw.bid.yahoo.com -
#57.厚米其林PSS 225/40/18 四條1萬1 中古胎落地胎ps3 ps4 235 ...
在台北市(Taipei),Taiwan 購買厚米其林PSS 225/40/18 四條1萬1 中古胎落地胎ps3 ps4 235 245 255 265 35. 於汽機車零配件中找到最棒的交易!私訊購買! 於 tw.carousell.com -
#58.Primacy vs pilot sport 4
2011 Get the Pilot Super Sport, Continental Extreme Contact DW or ... These tires with 225/40 R18 size are compared thoroughly below in ... 於 oqplu.dixsecurity.de -
#59.【楽天市場】michelin pss 225/40r18の通販
楽天市場-「michelin pss 225/40r18」4605件 人気の商品を価格比較・ランキング・レビュー・口コミで検討できます。ご購入でポイント取得がお得。 於 search.rakuten.co.jp -
#60.【Michelin 米其林】Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_四入組
【Michelin 米其林】Pilot Super Sport PSS 運動性能輪胎_四入組_225/40/18(車麗屋) ; 廠商出貨: 本商品由廠商出貨不受24h到貨限制 ; 獨立結帳: 本商品無法與其他商品合併結 ... 於 24h.pchome.com.tw -
#61.Michelin米其林PILOT SUPER SPORT 225-40-18 - 小李輪胎
規格: 225-40-18 · 級數: 92Y * · 花紋: PILOT SUPER SPORT · 特性: 操控 · 價格: $6400 · 更新時間: 2023-08-04. 於 www.lee-tire.com.tw -
#62.Michelin Pilot Super Sport Passenger Car Tyres 225/40R18 92Y
Recommended Tyre & Fitting Bundle. Bundle Total (Fitted). ✓ 4x MICHELIN PILOT SUPER SPORT 225/40ZR18 92Y - $1,432.00 ✓ 12 Months - ... 於 www.supercheapauto.com.au