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利用醯胺醇類協同作用及組合外排泵抑制劑有效對抗豬胸膜肺炎放線桿菌與敗血性巴氏桿菌

為了解決EELS EDS的問題，作者汪玉祉 這樣論述：

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) not only continues to pose a threat to therapy of infectious disease but also presents a major challenge for global health concerns. To make the matter worse, new antibiotics are not being discovered at a fast enough rate to counter the development of bacterial resist

ance. In veterinary medicine, amphenicols have been extensively used as the drug of choice to treat bacteria associated with porcine respiratory disease complex, namely, Actinobacillus pleruopeumoniae and Pasteurella multocida, thereby leading to varying levels of amphenicol resistance. To re-empowe

r existing antibiotics, using a combination of two commercially available antibiotics in the same class; FF and TAP, or a combination of amphenicols with efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) as adjuvant therapy were investigated against porcine A. pleruopeumoniae and P. multocida in the current study. In

the first study, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of FF+TAP combination were evaluated. The in vitro results from the checkerboard assay and reconfirmation with time kill study in the representative isolates illustrated that the synergistic FF-TAP combination was a potential therapeutic option for

treatment of A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida infection. In vivo experiments in pigs demonstrated that FF and TAP combination at a ratio correlating to their MIC deductions was equally effective to their original recommended dosage. In the second study, the effects of five EPIs including Carbon

yl Cyanide Chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), omeprazole, Phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide (PAβN), reserpine and verapamil, on their ability to enhance the in vitro antimicrobial activity of FF were preliminarily evaluated. The results indicated that CCCP demonstrated promising improvement of FF ac

tivity while PAβN showed some effect but at high concentrations. Both broth microdilution and time kill assay complementarily confirmed the effect of CCCP on the antimicrobial activity of FF. In addition, the beneficial effect between FF and CCCP was initially identified as through the antagonizatio

n of the FloR pump conferred by the floR gene. In the third study, the effect of CCCP on the in vitro FF and TAP antimicrobial activity by a larger number of isolates, the presence of the efflux pump gene, and the intra-bacterial concentration of FF were further investigated. The CCCP, at relatively

low concentrations, could prominently improve FF and TAP antimicrobial activity in a dose-dependent manner, as well as increasing the intracellular concentration of FF, possibly by inhibition of the FloR efflux pump. Collectively, these findings underline the importance of FloR efflux pump in the d

evelopment of amphenicol resistance in A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida. Taken together, our studies may provide potential therapeutic options using amphenicols synergism and amphenicols in combination with EPIs against amphenicol-resistant A. pleuropneumoniae and P. multocida.

臺灣東北及西南海域底棲魚類之發育垂直洄游

為了解決EELS EDS的問題，作者林碩均 這樣論述：

海洋多數硬骨魚不論成魚是浮游型還是底棲型，幼魚通常屬於浮游型，幼魚的垂直分佈直接影響其生存(例如避敵、捕食)及運動(例如漂流至繁殖場)。就底棲魚類來說，產大量小型卵的物種一般預期幼魚屬於浮游型且會表現發育垂直洄游；相反的，產少量大型卵的物種及胎生物種一般預期幼魚屬於底棲型且未經歷發育垂直洄游。然而並非所有底棲魚類符合上述模式，本研究重建8種底棲魚類發育過程中的棲息深度及相對代謝率，包含日本尖牙鱸(Synagrops japonicus)、短鯒(Parabembras curta)、單棘躄魚(Chaunax fimbriatus)、黑口鮟鱇(Lophiomus setigerus)、小鰭新燈魚

(Neoscopelus microchir)、單斑新鼬魚(Neobythites unimaculatus)、凹鰭牛尾魚(Kumococius rodericensis)、尖棘角魚(Pterygotrigla hemisticta)。樣本由臺灣東北或西南海域的商業性底拖漁船捕獲。耳石因為終生持續生長且沉積後的性質不易受代謝影響而成為理想材料，耳石碳酸鈣的穩定碳氧同位素比值分別為代謝率及水溫的指標，水溫可用於重建棲息深度。根據估計的棲息深度得知單棘躄魚(Chaunax fimbriatus)及尖棘角魚(Pterygotrigla hemisticta)的早期生活史屬於浮游型，8種底棲魚都會經歷

發育垂直洄游(深度都在500公尺內)，符合浮游型早期生活史。發育垂直洄游的模式可分為5類，第一類：直接下沉至成魚深度，並無回升；第二類：下沉超出再回升至成魚深度；第三類：有兩次下沉，第一次會回升至表層，第二次會持續至成魚深度；第四類：先上浮再下沉至成魚深度；第五類：終生持續上下振盪。黑口鮟鱇(Lophiomus setigerus)、小鰭新燈魚(Neoscopelus microchir)、單斑新鼬魚(Neobythites unimaculatus)、尖棘角魚(P. hemisticta)的發育垂直洄游模式都存在個體差異。此外，沉降距離與成魚棲息深度呈現非常高度正相關(r > 0.9)，本研

究除了揭露發育垂直洄游的模式存在種內多樣性，也顯示浮游型早期生活史伴隨發育垂直洄游是海洋底棲魚的一種生存策略。