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公司目的變革對董事會多元化的影響趨勢—以美國為中心

為了解決Company IMO number的問題，作者林鈺棋 這樣論述：

公司目的的論辯源遠流長，眾所周知者為1930年代兩位學者間的筆戰，時至今日，企業究竟應為何人經營一題仍莫衷一是，學者嘗試提出不同理論，有論者提出「股東利益優先」，有論者認為應行「企業社會責任」，更有論者提倡「利害關係人主義」。商業界態度似乎較為一致，縱商業活動多樣，其間差異性與對企業宗旨之訴求不同，然觀察具代表性之美國商業圓桌會議在1997年之聲明，似可認大多數公司將優先維護股東利益，然2019年中，美國商業圓桌會議再次發表聲明，顯示「為所有利害關係人謀利」的觀點，此舉引起學界及商業界的關注，是否意味著傾向「股東利益優先」的公司目的天平，將往另一側傾斜？是否意味著「利害關係人主義」將重返焦點

，作為與「企業社會責任」、「股東利益優先」互相拉扯的第三股力量？「股東利益優先」、「企業社會責任」與「利害關係人主義」均屬抽象概念，本文將針對三種不同企業宗旨進行深入分析，後研究美國企業在聲明發表後的實質作為，從不同觀點切入進行分析，闡述當前美國公司對於公司目的立場採擇的主流意見。 公司目的與董事會多元化的要求緊密連結，而利害關係人主義尤甚，其與董事會多元化之間聯繫的關鍵概念為「平等」。本文將自法律面與市場面切入，說明美國董事會多元化近年來的相關改革行動。我國當以美國推動董事會多元化的歷程為借鑑，發展本土化策略，本文將觀察我國推動董事會多元化措施，以及企業實踐情形，並思考美國經驗可資學習之

處。

The Effects of Working Capital Management on SME’s ProfitabilityIn Pagadian City, Philippines

為了解決Company IMO number的問題，作者美利安 這樣論述：

Purpose. As observed today, most Small and Medium Enterprises give little regard on their working capital position and focus mainly on their cash receipts and bank account position. They give little regard to their working capital position which result to their insolvency, thus affecting their oper

ation and profitability. This study was conducted in order to gain a better view or perspective about SMEs, specifically in terms of how they manage their assets and liabilities and how profitability is being affected.Method. This study will make use of descriptive survey method of research as the r

esearch design. The respondents of the study are the managers or owners of SMEs particularly the service-type and trade-type of business within Pagadian City. The technique that will be used in this research is the quota random sampling. In this study, the researches will make use of the questionnai

re as the instrument or tool in gathering data from the respondents. It was set as guide questions prepared by the researchers and will be validated by experts.Results. The results show that most of the respondents came from trading type of business. Majority of the SMEs in Pagadian City operate the

ir business for not more than six years and that the largest number of respondents has a working capital of three million and below. As to effects of working capital management in SMEs’ profitability, most of the firms do not vary in their management operating, financing and investing activities tho

ugh it is not implied that these SMEs have the same operations and core competencies. Summing up all the results, proper and effective working capital management helps the firm measure its management performance, determine appropriate mix of current assets component considering safety, liquidity and

profitability, helps maintain solvency of the firm, provides opportunity to invest excess cash for a return while maintaining liquidity to satisfy contingent needs, helps bring increased value in terms of profitability and will lead into a successful and prosperous business.Conclusion. Working capi

tal management is one of the key factors in a successful business. But having a successful business means a lot of decisions must be done for the effectiveness of the operations. One of these decisions involves the delimitation on accounts receivable, inventory, investments and accounts payable. Off

ering of discounts to customers is a good strategy in order to encourage prompt payments and taking advantage on discounts offered by suppliers/creditors in order to control payment of debts, which SMEs in Pagadian City must consider. Financing and investing on working capital is a crucial decision

by the management. Majority of the SMEs maintain a minimum cash balance. Cash in excess of the minimum balance is invested. When they are suffering from minimum cash balance, additional cash is obtained by borrowing or other. Investment in current assets is given priority means which is healthy sinc

e there would be no idle assets in the firm. Working capital management helps the firm to ring increased value in terms of profitability, liquidity and solvency.Implication for further research. The recommendations of the study were premised on the summary of and conclusions from the results and dis

cussion. Based on the summaries of the analyses and conclusions, SME‟S entrepreneurs are urged to:•A strong credit policy system that may make sure that account due amount is shorter than liability amount.•Periodic financial report should be prepared by the small business owner using the service of

professional accountant; this will enable the entrepreneur to ensure strong financial position and to maintain the working capital.•Good accounting record should be maintained by the entrepreneur to ensure that all financial transaction is tracked down for a proper measurement of the effectiveness o

f working capital management.•Cash shouldn't be used as gauge for performance, however the financial report ought to be used rather to determine performance. Most entrepreneurs only run on cash basis. They only monitor their cash position without taken awareness of their debt position.